Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

This perspective of memory research views memory as a group of mechanisms and systems that encode, store, and retrieve information.

A)cognitive behavioral
B) information-processing
C) input-output
D) constructivist

Answer 1

B

Question 2

This stage of information processing is directly linked to perception.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) consolidation
D) retrieval

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When we first perceive an object, it enters into consciousness as a part of this memory process.

A) consolidation
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The human storage and retrieval of memories is different from storage of data on a computer in that computers

A) retrieve information in small, incomplete fragments
B) retrieve information that is identical to what had been initially stored
C) retrieve information in visual formats only
D) retrieve information that is commonly corrupted by biases in the machine

Question 5

This system of memory is fleeting and consists of two categories, the iconic and echoic stores.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the information held in sensory memory?

A)traces of auditory information that linger for a few seconds in consciousness
B)vivid details recalled from events that transpired years ago
C) bits of raw sensory data akin to the after-images one experiences after staring at a bright light
D) factual information derived directly from the senses

Question 7

Sensory memory serves two functions: It "collects" sensory information and briefly holds it for possible further processing in memory, and it allows us to perceive the world as a

A) series of discrete images
B) chunk of information
C) passive field of information
D) continuous stream of events

Question 8

Any time you pay attention to a sight, sound, feeling, idea, or piece of information- either automatically or as a conscious decision-that information is transferred to

A)sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 9

The most commonly used example of this memory phenomenon is what happens when you ask a friend for their phone number, but you have no pen to write it down.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B) selective encoding
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) selective attention

Question 10

The fact that information must be repeated-known as maintenance rehearsal-in order to remain in short-term memory is evidence that short-term storage is

A) limitless
B) naïve
C) constrained
D) brief

Question 11

Memory span refers to the fact that sensory memory has a(n)

A) limited capacity
B) brief storage capability
C) unlimited capacity
D) quantitative storage mechanism

Question 12

If you are in a memory experiment and you are asked to quickly repeat back to the experimenter a string of digits like 2,3,5,6,1,2,6, she is probably testing your

A)encoding span
B) memory span
C) short-term chunker
D) quantitative store

Question 13

This memory phenomenon is the reason that we can easily remember sentences composed of 20 words, but cannot remember 20 unrelated words in order.

A) expertise
B) phonological loop
C) memory span
D) chunking

Question 14

If STM can be thought of as whatever appears on the screen of your computer at any given moment, then long-term memory represents

A)the data stored in files for later retrieval
B) the system of graphics processing
C) the running of the central processing unit
D) the information encoded in the screen image

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a way that long-term memories are encoded?

A) visual encoding
B) mental encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) acoustic encoding

Question 16

Encoding in short-term memory tends to be primarily acoustic, while encoding in long-term memory tends to be primarily

A) semantic
B) visual
C) attentional
D) mental

Question 17

Material is most likely to be recalled at a later date if it has been encoded for LTM during

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) visual rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) semantic rehearsal

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT on the list of habits known to reduce exam performance?

A) sitting toward the back of the classroom
B) studying in frequent, manageable sessions
C) studying while high on marijuana
D) studying mainly by re-reading your notes

Question 19

Studying by engaging in a series of self-tests helps most with this process of memory.

A) retrieval
B) encoding
C) rehearsal
D) representation

Question 20

This memory process includes the phenomena of recall and recognition.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) metamemory

Question 21

Performance on short-answer or essay exams relies most on this retrieval process.

A) recognition
B) recall
C) storage
D) encoding

Question 22

These keys to retrieving information can be in the form of an external reminder or internal thought process.

A) primacy effects
B) mnemonics
C) retrieval cues
D) retention intervals

Question 23

Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrated this phenomenon vividly when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water

A)elaborative rehearsal
B) method of loci
C) state-dependent memory
D) context-dependent memory

Question 24

Which of the following best captures the phenomenon known as context-dependent memory?

A) You fail to recall the events leading up to your car accident because of the head trauma you suffered.
B) You will be better able to recall negative words if you are in a negative mood.
C) Your exam performance is better if you take the exam in the room in which you learned the material.
D) Your understanding of material is better if you reflect first on the meaning of the information.

Question 25

This retrieval phenomenon works when mood and other psychological states, including drug-induced changes in consciousness, act as retrieval cues.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B) method of loci
C) state-dependent memory
D) context-dependent memory

Question 26

This memory phenomenon is a highly vivid and detailed remembrance of one's personal circumstances at the moment of learning of some shocking and unexpected event.

A)state-dependent memory
B) flashbulb memory
C) false memory
D) recovered memory

Question 27

All of the following memory accounts might qualify as flashbulb memories, EXCEPT:

A)Jane can recall the exact time and place that she received word of her father's sudden heart attack.
B) Seth can describe every detail of the room in which he first saw his future wife.
C) Brian can remember what he was wearing and the exact spot where he was standing when the first plane hit the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001.
D) Jeremy's memory of his serious car accident only includes details about the route he was driving when his vehicle was struck.

Question 28

Although different theorists define this memory concept in different ways, it is probably best to think of it as what happens in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) memory transfer
D) working memory

Question 29

This part of the multicomponent model of working memory holds auditory information in short-term memory.

A) phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 30

This part of the multicomponent model of working memory holds visual information in short-term memory.

A) phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 31

This part of the multicomponent model of working memory allows long-term memories to be "read into" short-term memory for processing.

A)phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 32

This part of the multicomponent model of working memory allows us to have several short- and long-term memory "programs" open at the same time.

A)phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 33

These kinds of long-term memories are our autobiographical memories.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 34

All of the following are examples of episodic memories, EXCEPT:

A)Steve remembers that he bought his first guitar on a Monday.
B)Josh remembers that his first kiss was very awkward.
C) Mary Beth remembers that her favorite song is by the Beatles.
D) Adam remembers that New York is in the Eastern Time zone of the United States.

Question 35

When the personal experience attached to the factual knowledge is forgotten and only the fact remains, the memory is

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 36

In cases of amnesia, this type of memory is usually affected more profoundly than anything else.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 37

Cases of amnesia that selectively target episodic memory, while leaving semantic memory functional, support the view that

A)the two systems overlap
B) the two systems are distinct
C) episodic memories are more susceptible to memory loss
D) semantic memories are more resistant to memory failures

Question 38

When we recall something, but have no awareness that we are doing so, we are using

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) implicit memory
D) discrete memory

Question 39

Mitchell (2006) exposed a group of university students in 1982 to a series of black-and-white line drawings for between 1 and 3 seconds each. Seventeen years later, he showed these participants small partial fragments of the drawings they had viewed, mixed in with fragments of drawings they had never seen. Because of this implicit memory effect, participants could name the items they had seen before more accurately than the fragments that were not previously seen years before.

A)procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) primacy effect
D) repetition priming

Question 40

This type of implicit memory refers to the way that a person's performance of certain tasks can improve without his or her awareness merely as a result of previous exposure to the task.

A) procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) repetition priming
D) primacy effect

Question 41

Your ability to ride a bike, drive a car, or anything else depends on this implicit memory store.

A) procedural memory
B) serial position effect
C) primacy effect
D) repetition priming

Question 42

Craik and Lockhart did not adhere to the notion that memory consists of separate stores and stages such as STM and LTM. Instead they proposed that

A) the more deeply an item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled at a later date
B)encoding, storage, and retrieval were three parts of a general process of LTM.
C) the more deeply encoded a memory is, the more likely it is to be context dependent
D) the use of mnemonics illustrates that STM can be unlimited

Question 43

Craik and Lockhart demonstrated that words that had been encoded according to their meanings (semantic encoding) rather than sound or appearance were recalled more readily. Thus, they showed support for this theory of memory.

A)state-dependent memory
B) the modal model of memory
C) the levels of processing framework
D) the constructivist view of memory

Question 44

The primacy and recency effects that result from recall tasks involving lists of words are evidence against

A) state-dependent memory
B) the modal model of memory
C) the levels of processing framework
D) the constructivist view of memory

Question 45

If you make a list of items to buy at the grocery store but forget your list at home, you will probably be able to remember the first few items on the list as an example of this serial position effect.

A) primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) context effect
D) distinctiveness effect

Question 46

Supporters of the idea of distinct memory systems claim that this serial position effect is evidence of the existence of a separate short-term memory store.

A)primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) context effect
D) distinctiveness effect

Question 47

Drugs like Ritalin, Provigil, and Adderall are all derived from this psychoactive substance.

A) methamphetamine
B) amphetamine
C) cocaine
D) MMDA

Question 48

There has recently been a shift among memory researchers away from quantitative questions of how much and how long to the question of how

A)large
B) accurate
C) lengthy
D) vivid

Question 49

To modern psychologists, memory is more like a "theater" of experience where factual events may be interpreted and reinterpreted over time. This means that memories are

A) constructed, not played back
B) saved, not recalled
C) fixed, not variable
D) intangible, not fixed

Question 50

Which of the following statements is NOT a valid conclusion from memory research on eyewitness testimony?

A) People are overconfident about the accuracy of their eyewitness accounts.
B) People will recognize a picture in a lineup as familiar even if they have never seen the picture before.
C) Though people are overconfident about their memories, they remain unaltered after hearing new information about an event.
D) Though people will wrongly identify suspects based on the suggestion to do so, if they believe that a suspect is not in a police lineup, they will not display the same confidence.

Question 51

Stephen Ceci created a series of studies showing that even under very gentle, non-coercive forms of repetitious questioning and suggestion, small children could be induced to

A) reveal details of forgotten experiences
B) recall details of events that never occurred
C) recall vivid details of the experimental sessions
D) hallucinate details of their past memories

Question 52

The false memories that Ceci and colleagues elicited in the laboratory particularly affect this type of memory.

A) short-term memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) autobiographical memory

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a sin of forgetting described by Daniel Schachter?

A)absentmindedness
B) blocking
C) transience
D) misattribution

Question 54

According to Daniel Schachter, this sin of memory is responsible for failing to recall how to do long division of fractions expressed as decimal numbers, or failing to remember the way to your grandmother's house.

A) absentmindedness
B) blocking
C) transience
D) fallibility

Question 55

Although fragments of memories and isolated images of events that occur between the ages of 3 and 4 are sometimes available to adults, coherent episodic memories are not usually available for events prior to the fourth birthday. This is known as

A)childhood amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) forced forgetting
D) infantile amusia

Question 56

If you believe that you have accurate episodic memories of events prior to your fourth birthday, you are probably basing your belief on

A)the existence of photographs of the event
B) the emotional aspects of the experience
C) the rehearsal of the event in short-term memory
D) the encoding of specific details during your pre-school years

Question 57

By learning a series of nonsense syllables and repeatedly testing his memory for them, Hermann Ebbinghause demonstrated that most of the "action" in forgetting occurs quickly after the event. That effect is known as

A)the forgetting effect
B) the forgetting curve
C) the decay response
D) the interference curve

Question 58

With the exception of mildly depressed individuals, people remember more events associated with

A) pleasant feelings
B) unpleasant feelings
C) neutral feelings
D) minimal emotion

Question 59

The transience of memory is most likely the result of this aspect of forgetting.

A) decay
B) interference
C) false memory
D) recovered memory

Question 60

In this type of interference, a memory that one has formed in the past interferes with the retrieval of a new memory-particularly if the new information is in some way similar to the old.

A) proactive
B) retroactive
C) decay
D) recovered

Question 61

All of the following are examples of proactive interference, EXCEPT:

A) Dave recently changed his debit-card PIN, but still enters the old pin by mistake.
B)Dr. Smith has trouble remembering his students' names every time a new semester starts.
C) James ruined his date by calling her by his old girlfriend's name.
D) Samantha lost the combination lock to use at the gym, but she cannot use her old one because she only remembers the new combination.

Question 62

When you acquire a new cell phone number and learn it, it may soon become virtually impossible to remember the old one due to

A) memory decay
B) proactive interference
C) retroactive interference
D) repetition priming

Question 63

This sin of memory, described by Daniel Schachter, is influenced by improper encoding due to lapses of attention.

A) absentmindedness
B) blocking
C) transience
D) fallibility

Question 64

When a person attributes a memory to a source other than its actual origin, they have committed this sin of memory distortion.

A) absentmindedness
B) misattribution
C) suggestibility
D) transience

Question 65

While misattribution can result in entirely false beliefs that one has experienced an event when one has not, it may also result in false beliefs about aspects of

A)hallucinations one has had
B) memory accuracy in normal settings
C) events that one has experienced
D) memories for fantasy experiences

Question 66

This memory trace is an organized mental model or knowledge structure that helps to organize our experience of some type of event or situation.

A) script
B) episodic
C) schema
D) schematic

Question 67

Which of the following descriptions is likely stored as a schema in memory?

A) The color of grass is green.
B) The psychology lecture lasts for 50 minutes.
C) All birds have feathers.
D) Your father is older than you are.

Question 68

Schemas often play out terms of the typical sequence of events likely to occur in any given situation for which we have a schema. That "story" of the situation is called a

A) schematic
B) consolidate
C) chunk
D) script

Question 69

Sometimes false memories occur because people falsely remember details about events if the event

A) is inconsistent with an existing schema or script
B)matches the expectations of the experimenter
C) is consistent with an existing schema or script
D) is a new experience for the individual

Question 70

Studies that demonstrate this effect of schemas also highlight the importance of the context in which an event occurs for subsequent accurate recall.

A) inaccurate recall of schema-consistent material
B)accurate recall of schema-inconsistent material
C) distorted recall of schema-inconsistent material
D) misattributed recall of autobiographical information

Question 71

The sin of suggestibility is perhaps best demonstrated by Elizabeth Loftus's studies of this

A) the misattribution effect
B) the suggestibility bias
C) the misinformation effect
D) the recovered memory controversy

Question 72

In a classic experiment, Loftus and her colleagues had university students watch a series of slides depicting an armed robbery in a hardware store in which a screwdriver was taken in addition to money. The misinformation effect was evident because

A) participants tended to recall the amount of money taken
B)participants were confident that they saw a hammer
C) participants were unsure of whether they saw the screwdriver
D) participants were confident that no money was stolen

Question 73

In order to induce this memory phenomenon, relatives of the research participants are enlisted as confederates of the experimenter and asked to provide false information to the participant about a childhood event.

A) recovered memory
B) misattributed memory
C) vivid recall
D) rich false memory

Question 74

This sin of memory is particularly apparent in the cases of people who experience traumatic events, and can often cause difficulties for the person.

A) repression
B) recovery
C) persistence
D) blocking

Question 75

Which of the following best describes the consensus of most researchers about the recovered memory controversy?

A) People who experience traumatic events do not try hard enough to repress the memory and it is recovered.
B) Many trauma survivors lose memory for the entire event, including several days surrounding the event.
C) Cases in which a person loses all memory for a traumatic event, and then recovers the details accurately, years later, are rare.
D) Most people who recover memories of traumatic sexual abuse in therapy are actually rebelling against the suggestions of the therapist.

Question 76

Researchers have shown that there is a tendency for people to think of themselves as having "improved" over time, but also to exaggerate past failures or unreasonably criticize their former selves as a way of enhancing their views of their selves in the present. This is called the

A) consistency bias
B) judgment bias
C) heuristic bias
D) egocentric bias

Question 77

When a person's attitudes change, for example, currently disliking a political candidate he or she previously endorsed, the person is likely to believe that they always disliked the candidate. This is evidence of

A) consistency bias
B) judgment bias
C) heuristic bias
D) egocentric bias

Question 78

When you open a saved computer file you have retrieved an identical copy of what you have stored. The same is true in the case of memory retrieval.

Question 79

Any time you pay attention to a sight, sound, feeling, idea, or piece of information- either automatically or as a conscious decision-that information is transferred to long-term memory.

Question 80

Encoding in long-term memory generally relies upon the idea of meaningfulness of the information being encoded.