Exam 8: Memory

Craik and Lockhart did not adhere to the notion that memory consists of separate stores and stages such as STM and LTM. Instead they proposed that

When sensory impressions are visual in nature, they enter the _______________, which lasts less than half a second. When they are auditory, they enter the _____________, and may last as long as a few seconds.

Although different theorists define this memory concept in different ways, it is probably best to think of it as what happens in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed.

When Gabriella tells the story about when she first met her husband, she is utilizing her episodic memories.

If you believe that you have accurate episodic memories of events prior to your fourth birthday, you are probably basing your belief on

There has recently been a shift among memory researchers away from quantitative questions of how much and how long to the question of how

Although fragments of memories and isolated images of events that occur between the ages of 3 and 4 are sometimes available to adults, coherent episodic memories are not usually available for events prior to the fourth birthday. This is known as

In a classic experiment, Loftus and her colleagues had university students watch a series of slides depicting an armed robbery in a hardware store in which a screwdriver was taken in addition to money. The misinformation effect was evident because

When we first perceive an object, it enters into consciousness as a part of this memory process.

The fact that information must be repeated-known as maintenance rehearsal-in order to remain in short-term memory is evidence that short-term storage is

Material is most likely to be recalled at a later date if it has been encoded for LTM during

Concepts often play out in the form of schemas-structures in long-term memory that represent the typical sequence of events likely to occur in any given situation for which we have a concept.

Which of the following best captures the phenomenon known as context-dependent memory?

Which of the following best describes the information held in sensory memory?

The uncanny reliability of flashbulb memories suggests an important point about memory: Memory is robust, especially for events that seem extremely important.

With the exception of mildly depressed individuals, people remember more events associated with

Reading is a fairly passive enterprise, whereas studying is active and involves organization and effort to encode material at a deep level through elaborated rehearsal techniques.

Multiple-choice tests require recall, whereas short-answer and essay questions depend upon recognition. That is why multiple-choice tests are sometimes harder for students.

After 30 years of dissecting the brains of rats after they had learned various tasks, Lashley acknowledged that his work had revealed significant evidence for the existence of the engram.

Stephen Ceci created a series of studies showing that even under very gentle, non-coercive forms of repetitious questioning and suggestion, small children could be induced to