Deck 3: Theories Part II: Critical, Labeling, Cycle of Violence, Life Course, Pathways, and Masculinity Theories

Question 1

Which of the following theories is considered to be more consistent with feminist approaches, even if they have not always been applied so?

A) social learning
B) general strain
C) social control
D) pathways

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When addressing girls' and women's agency, feminists often struggle with balancing sexism and ______.

A) misogyny
B) racism
C) misandry
D) patriarchy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which term is used to describe women's self-determination?

A) adaptation
B) achievement
C) agency
D) authority

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In her study of crack-addicted women, Sterk (1999) captured the dichotomy of ______.

A) agency
B) adaptation
C) achievement
D) authority

Question 5

What theory is grounded in Marxism and often referred to as Marxist theory and radical theory?

A) labeling theory
B) pathways theory
C) masculinity theory
D) conflict theory

Question 6

The basis for conflict theory was drawn from the works of which theorist?

A) Karl Marx
B) John Locke
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) Max Weber

Question 7

______ typically embraces a more structural, political, and economical perspective.

A) Biosocial theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Strain theory

Question 8

Conflict theory proposes that we focus on ______.

A) offenders
B) victims
C) crimes
D) lawmakers

Question 9

That laws are biased, reflecting the needs of the upper class, and thus enforcement of the laws is inevitably unjust is an assumption of which of the following theories?

A) labeling theory
B) pathways theory
C) conflict theory
D) masculinity theory

Question 10

According to critical theories, the key to solving the crime problem is changing the ______ system.

A) political
B) economic
C) educational
D) justice

Question 11

"New criminologists" viewed ______ as the real criminals.

A) capitalists
B) resistors
C) offenders
D) lower-class men

Question 12

A common criticism of the "new criminology" is that it was ______.

A) convoluted
B) generalizing
C) multifaceted
D) complex

Question 13

The progressive legal movement to transform the relationship among race, racism, and power is referred to as ______.

A) life course theory
B) labeling theory
C) critical race theory
D) pathways theory

Question 14

Which of the following beliefs accepted by mainstream society as myths was identified by critical race theory?

A) Ignoring race exacerbates racism.
B) Racism is caused by systems, not individuals.
C) Racism can be fought alone.
D) Recognizing sexism, classism, and homophobia is critical.

Question 15

The assumption/problem that race is completely embedded in U.S. laws and policies is central to which theory?

A) masculinity theory
B) critical race theory
C) life course theory
D) labeling theory

Question 16

The originators of critical race theory believed that White privilege and ______ are core to understanding racism in the systematic discrimination and civil rights violations of people of color.

A) power
B) community
C) accountability
D) cooperation

Question 17

Which approach would you use if you wanted to address the ways that lawmaking and enforcement work to the detriment of women and girls?

A) critical legal studies
B) feminist pathways
C) critical race theory
D) feminist jurisprudence

Question 18

Critical race theory (CRT) emerged as a response to the view that critical legal studies were limited because it was framed by ______.

A) elites
B) minorities
C) female
D) right-wing academics

Question 19

Designers of critical race theory criticized critical legal theories for using which type of lens?

A) intersectional
B) gendered
C) White
D) equal

Question 20

Which theorist argued that assigning criminal labels to people increases the chances that they will become their labels?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Max Weber

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a label that may make offending worse?

A) offender
B) juvenile
C) minority
D) outsider

Question 22

If a scholar were to speculate about how people are "marked" as deviant, delinquent, or criminal, they are likely working with which theory?

A) pathways theory
B) critical race theory
C) labeling theory
D) life course theory

Question 23

Collected data that are consistent with life course theory are considered to be ______.

A) prospective
B) retrospective
C) concurrent
D) consecutive

Question 24

Research that asks individuals about their past experiences at one point in time is referred to as ______.

A) prospective
B) retrospective
C) concurrent
D) consecutive

Question 25

Which theory was developed in 1989 to assess the relationship between childhood traumas and subsequent offending?

A) pathways theory
B) life course theory
C) cycle of violence theory
D) labeling theory

Question 26

Which of the following theorizes that various life events, particularly those during childhood and adolescence, affect one's risk of offending behavior?

A) pathways theory
B) life course theory
C) cycle of violence theory
D) labeling theory

Question 27

According to the life course theory, which developmental stage is considered to be a particularly "at risk" time?

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 28

What approach would a scholar use to examine pathways through the age-differentiated life span?

A) life course theory
B) cycle of violence theory
C) labeling theory
D) masculinity theory

Question 29

Which theory is considered to be a developmental perspective that focuses on individuals' behavioral changes from birth until death?

A) labeling theory
B) life course theory
C) critical race theory
D) cycle of violence theory

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a transition?

A) marriage
B) parenthood
C) criminal behavior
D) first job

Question 31

Specific life events that are embedded in trajectories and evolve over shorter time spans are referred to as ______.

A) transitions
B) trajectories
C) pathways
D) courses

Question 32

In their research, Sampson and Laub hypothesized that social bonds to both ______ in adulthood explain changes in crime and development over the life span.

A) peers and school
B) school and work
C) work and family
D) family and religion

Question 33

Life course theory is comparable to ______ theory in that it rarely includes maltreatment and other trauma variables.

A) pathways
B) labeling theory
C) anomie theory
D) general strain theory

Question 34

As an age and developmental theory, ______ stresses the significance of the highest offending levels likely to be in adolescence and possibly into the 20s.

A) labeling theory
B) masculinity theory
C) life course theory
D) cycle of violence theory

Question 35

The ______ effect is an example of a significant desistance factor for offending.

A) relationship
B) parenthood
C) adulthood
D) marriage

Question 36

The marriage effect was historically tested solely on ______.

A) elites
B) men
C) same-sex couples
D) Whites

Question 37

Which of the following trajectory classifications is considered to be the least susceptible to peer pressure?

A) persistent de-escalators
B) persisters
C) de-escalators
D) chronic fluctuators

Question 38

Which of the following statements pertaining to de-escalators is true?

A) They have the lowest number of delinquent peers.
B) They are less likely to be married.
C) They have a history of high drug/alcohol use.
D) They are more likely to be White.

Question 39

Out of the four trajectory classifications used by Elaine Gunnison (2015), which of the following is considered to be the only female-dominated group?

A) persistent de-escalators
B) persisters
C) de-escalators
D) chronic fluctuators

Question 40

Which theory posits that adverse life events including trauma can serve as trajectories to offending, and these adverse events may be in childhood and/or adulthood?

A) cycle of violence theory
B) general strain theory
C) life course theory
D) pathways theory

Question 41

The traumas included in pathways are most similar to which other theory?

A) general strain
B) labeling
C) life course
D) cycle of violence

Question 42

Which of the following categories refers to women who acted out from childhood abuse and neglect, were then labeled "problem children," developed alcohol problems, and then harmed others because they were angry from being "done wrong?"

A) street women
B) harmed and harming women
C) battered women
D) drug-connected women

Question 43

According to Daly's (1992) study, women who were in or just out of an intimate relationship with a very violent man and ended up in court for hurting or killing the man are categorized as ______.

A) street women
B) harmed and harming women
C) battered women
D) drug-connected women

Question 44

According to Daly (1992), women who have no or limited chemical dependency or abusive partner histories and their crimes were economically motivated are categorized as ______.

A) street women
B) harmed and harming women
C) other women
D) drug-connected women

Question 45

Which types of women tend to have the least extensive criminal records?

A) battered and drug-connected women
B) harmed and harming and drug-connected women
C) street and other women
D) other and battered women

Question 46

Which theory was developed to understand the "contradictions and complications of the lives of the African American battered women who commit crimes?"

A) life course theory
B) women's liberation/hypothesis theory
C) gender entrapment theory
D) cycle of violent theory

Question 47

The application of critical race feminist theory to the construction of male norms in society is referred to as ______.

A) feminist jurisprudence
B) critical race masculism
C) pathways
D) general strain

Question 48

According to the text, who was more likely to criticize critical legal studies?

A) women of color
B) White men
C) elites
D) rightist academics

Question 49

Which of the following theories was identified as being more useful in the applications to criminology research than the Marxist and critical control theories?

A) critical race theory
B) cycle of violence theory
C) positivist theory
D) pathways theory

Question 50

It is inconsistent with feminism to portray girls/women as having no agency or resiliency.

Question 51

According to critical theories, the key to solving the crime problem is changing the economic system.

Question 52

Critical criminology (CCT) theories typically embrace a more structural, political, and economical perspective than the classical positivist theories.

Question 53

Critical legal studies emerged from a radical group of predominantly minority legal academics.

Question 54

Critical race theory is defined as the progressive legal movement to transform the relationship among race, racism, and power.

Question 55

Labeling theory (LT) is concerned with the process by which deviant labels are one only applied.

Question 56

According to labeling theory (LT), some people are more likely to be labeled because of their race, sex, class, and so on.

Question 57

Pathways theory research is considered to be prospective, rather than retrospective.

Question 58

The construction of life course theory (LCT) drew significantly from social control theory, general theory of crime, and self-control theory.

Question 59

The focus of some pathways research is whether behavior is life course persistent or adolescence limited.

Question 60

Life course theory (LCT) is considered to be a developmental perspective.

Question 61

Chronic fluctuators are more likely to be single and White.

Question 62

The tenets of pathways theory overlap with many of the tenets from other theories, such as life course, cycle of violence, general strain, and social learning.

Question 63

The traumas included in pathways are more similar to cycle of violence theory, because they primarily focus on child abuse victimization.

Question 64

According to research, battered women and drug-connected women tend to have the most amounts of criminal records.

Question 65

Gender entrapment was developed to understand the contradictions and complications of the lives of the African American battered women who commit crimes.

Question 66

Masculinity theory holds important potential for addressing the gendered aspects of "fear of crime."

Question 67

Critical race masculism is defined as the application of critical legal studies to the construction of male norms in the society.

Question 68

Critical legal studies was dominated by White elite men and criticized by women and people of color in leftist academia who became frustrated with its limited views.

Question 69

Critical race theory has been more useful in applications to criminology research than the Marxist theories.

Question 70

What are the two tenets of labeling theory (LT)?

Question 71

Explain the difference between prospective and retrospective research. Provide some examples of theories that utilize both prospective and retrospective research.

Question 72

Discuss pathways theory. Are the traumas associated with pathways similar to those in other theories? If so, which ones?

Question 73

Why was gender entrapment theory developed and what does it involve?

Question 74

Identify and explain each of the five categories of offending women.