Deck 13: Corrections and Multiculturalism

Question 1

The ______________ oversees federal parolees.

A) U.S. Parole and Release from Prison Division
B) Federal Bureau of Prisons
C) U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System
D) U.S. Parole Commission

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Incarceration exists primarily in two forms:

A) community and institutional
B) formal and informal
C) prison and jail
D) internal and external

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ refers to an inmate's adaptation to the prison culture.

A) Accommodation
B) Prisonization
C) Acculturation
D) Assumption

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ______________ involves the norms and values developed and stressed in prison. It encourages toughness, insensitivity, disdain, and manipulation of fellow inmates and prison staff.

A) inmate code
B) writ of certiorari
C) prisoner handbook
D) convict rag-tag

Question 5

Research on racial differences among inmates suggests which of the following?

A) White inmates have less positive perceptions of prison officers than do their minority counterparts
B) White inmates experience higher levels of fear and stress than black inmates
C) Blacks were more likely than Whites to believe they were treated "pretty good" in prison
D) Whites were more likely than Blacks to believe that prison officers use too much force on inmates

Question 6

__________ is a front-end strategy in which judicial bodies place conditions on offenders in lieu of incarceration. ____________ is a back-end strategy that is imposed following a period of incarceration.

A) Restitution; restorative justice
B) Probation; parole
C) Jail; prison
D) House arrest; electronic monitoring

Question 7

Probation practices in the United States date back to 1841 when shoemaker _________ assisted minor offenders.

A) Devery Johnson
B) Doug Bettinger
C) John Augustus
D) Robert Peel

Question 8

Probationer Steve signs a contract and moves to another part of town. Steve's probation officer found out about Steve's move and signing of a contract. While neither offense is criminal, both are violations of the conditions of Steve's probation, and are thus considered ____________.

A) civil offenses
B) misdemeanors
C) public order offenses
D) technical violations

Question 9

Conditional release can involve __________ release, for instance when a parole board grants an inmate parole, or inmates can receive _____________ release in states that have abandoned traditional parole practices in favor of "good time" practices.

A) primary; secondary
B) mandatory; discretionary
C) discretionary; mandatory
D) formal; informal

Question 10

____________, which permits legislative action to reduce the severity of one's punishment, waive the punishment associated with a crime, or exclude certain individuals from prosecution of a specific crime, comes in the form of pardons, amnesty, commutations, and reprieves.

A) Clemency
B) Disposition
C) Adjudication
D) Appropriation

Question 11

During the 1990s the United States, Russia, and South Africa led all other nations in the rate of incarceration.

Question 12

Probation and parole are examples of community corrections.

Question 13

Recent reports suggest that over 5.1 million persons are incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails, with jails holding roughly two-thirds of the population.

Question 14

Prison gangs are heavily influenced by race and ethnicity.

Question 15

Hispanic jail inmates, followed by White jail inmates, are most likely to be diagnosed with HIV.

Question 16

Transsexual inmates who haven't had genital surgery are typically classified according to their birth sex, regardless of how long they've lived as the opposite sex.

Question 17

Inmates report lower levels of homosexual activity in prison than are recognized in official counts.

Question 18

Research on probation revocation practices found that young Black males received the harshest penalties, while Hispanics and Whites were generally treated the same.

Question 19

Individuals released on conditions have "maxed out," or served their entire sentence.

Question 20

Those currently released on parole are being supervised by parole officers emphasizing surveillance over assistance even though both components are essential to parole.

Question 21

___________, a form of clemency, involves shortening or changing an inmate's prison sentence, for instance, when one becomes terminally ill or death sentences are switched to sentences of life in prison.

Question 22

The ______________ operates all federal prisons.

Question 23

Researchers have identified a subculture among prisoners that maintains characteristics different from society in general. For instance, ____________, or an emphasis on being strong, is a priority.

Question 24

The __________ Amendment grants inmates the right religious freedoms.

Question 25

____________ are small huts in which Native American inmates cleanse spirits in a religious rite of purification and penance.

Question 26

___________ were earlier described by some as "poorhouses of the twentieth century," "festering sores," "cesspools of crime," "teeming houses of horror," and "the ultimate ghetto."

Question 27

___________ and supervision are the primary components of probation services.

Question 28

___________ are a form of clemency which involve the postponement of a sentence and are typically associated with delaying an execution.

Question 29

The infamous 1971 rioting at the ___________ Correctional Facility in New York was largely encouraged by inmate perceptions of the correctional staff's inability and failure to recognize and respect varying cultures, ethnic backgrounds, and religious practices and rights.

Question 30

Most offenders under correctional supervision are on __________.