Exam 13: Corrections and Multiculturalism

___________ were earlier described by some as "poorhouses of the twentieth century," "festering sores," "cesspools of crime," "teeming houses of horror," and "the ultimate ghetto."

Probation and parole are examples of community corrections.

Incarceration exists primarily in two forms:

Hispanic jail inmates, followed by White jail inmates, are most likely to be diagnosed with HIV.

Those currently released on parole are being supervised by parole officers emphasizing surveillance over assistance even though both components are essential to parole.

___________ and supervision are the primary components of probation services.

__________ is a front-end strategy in which judicial bodies place conditions on offenders in lieu of incarceration. ____________ is a back-end strategy that is imposed following a period of incarceration.

Researchers have identified a subculture among prisoners that maintains characteristics different from society in general. For instance, ____________, or an emphasis on being strong, is a priority.

____________, which permits legislative action to reduce the severity of one's punishment, waive the punishment associated with a crime, or exclude certain individuals from prosecution of a specific crime, comes in the form of pardons, amnesty, commutations, and reprieves.

___________, a form of clemency, involves shortening or changing an inmate's prison sentence, for instance, when one becomes terminally ill or death sentences are switched to sentences of life in prison.

The ______________ oversees federal parolees.

Prison gangs are heavily influenced by race and ethnicity.

__________ refers to an inmate's adaptation to the prison culture.

During the 1990s the United States, Russia, and South Africa led all other nations in the rate of incarceration.

Probationer Steve signs a contract and moves to another part of town. Steve's probation officer found out about Steve's move and signing of a contract. While neither offense is criminal, both are violations of the conditions of Steve's probation, and are thus considered ____________.

Recent reports suggest that over 5.1 million persons are incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails, with jails holding roughly two-thirds of the population.

____________ are small huts in which Native American inmates cleanse spirits in a religious rite of purification and penance.

Research on racial differences among inmates suggests which of the following?

The __________ Amendment grants inmates the right religious freedoms.

Probation practices in the United States date back to 1841 when shoemaker _________ assisted minor offenders.