Deck 7: Interacting With Others

Question 1

A greater tendency to help ingroup members is known as:

A) Direct reciprocity
B) Parochial altruism
C) The Prisoner's dilemma
D) Racist altruism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is 'game theory'?

A) A type of mathematical model that captures how an individual's success at making a decision is influenced by the decision of others
B) A theory about why social interactions are rewarding
C) An evolutionary account of the origins of altruism
D) A theory about the role of empathy in decision making

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the Nash Equilibrium for the proposer in a non-iterative version of the Ultimatum Game?

A) Proposer splits the pot 50/50
B) Proposer gives as much as possible
C) Proposer gives as little as possible
D) Proposer plays tit-for-tat

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the Nash Equilibrium for the standard (one round) Prisoner's Dilemma?

A) Always defect/betray
B) Always co-operate
C) Play tit-for-tat
D) Guess the decision

Question 5

What theory of altruism did Hamilton (1964) propose?

A) Direct reciprocity
B) Kin selection
C) Indirect reciprocity
D) Sexual selection

Question 6

What theory of altruism did Trivers (1971) propose?

A) Indirect reciprocity
B) Kin selection
C) Direct reciprocity
D) Sexual selection

Question 7

What was a central finding of the fMRI study of charity donation of Moll et al. (2006)?

A) Choosing to donate to a charity activates some of the same reward pathways as receiving money.
B) Choosing to donate to a charity activates the 'pain matrix' of the brain.
C) Choosing to donate to a charity activates the right temporo-parietal junction.
D) Choosing to donate to a charity activates 'cognitive' but not 'emotional' regions of the brain.

Question 8

Which combination of decisions offers the best outcome for player A on the Prisoner's Dilemma?

A) Player A cooperates, Player B cooperates
B) Player A defects, Player B defects
C) Player A defects, Player B cooperates
D) Player A cooperates, Player B defects

Question 9

Which of the following games normally involves more than two players at the same time?

A) Trust Game
B) Ultimatum game
C) Prisoner's Dilemma
D) Public Goods Game

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Trust Game is true?

A) It contains two players, a proposer and a responder.
B) It contains two players, an investor and a trustee.
C) It can only be played as a single round game (i.e. no chance of reciprocity)
D) The game is an analogy for taxation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the Ultimatum Game is true?

A) It contains two players, an investor and a trustee.
B) It contains two players, a proposer and a responder.
C) It can only be played as a single round game (i.e. no chance of reciprocity)
D) The Nash Equilibrium is to offer half of the initial money.

Question 12

Which of these statements about the sexual selection theory of altruism is true?

A) There are no costs associated with being an altruist.
B) Reciprocity is a key component of this theory.
C) It depends on the assumption that generosity is an attractive trait.
D) There are no benefits associated with being an altruist.

Question 13

Which study introduced the Trust Game?

A) Guth et al. (1992)
B) Berg et al. (1995)
C) Axelrod & Hamilton (1981)
D) Fishbacher et al. (2001)

Question 14

Which study introduced the Ultimatum Game?

A) Guth et al. (1992)
B) Axelrod & Hamilton (1981)
C) Fishbacher et al. (2001)
D) Berg et al. (1995)

Question 15

What does the cross-cultural study of the Ultimatum Game of Henrichs et al. (2010) show?

A) Smaller societies have more stringent notions of fairness (they expect a more equal division)
B) Wealthy societies have more stringent notions of fairness (they expect a more equal division)
C) Poorer societies have more stringent notions of fairness (they expect a more equal division)
D) Larger societies have more stringent notions of fairness (they expect a more equal division)

Question 16

What did the hyper-fMRI study of the Trust Game by King-Casas et al. (2005) find?

A) As trust between the two players develops, then the activity in the striatum shifts from being based on outcomes to being based on expectations.
B) As trust between the two players develops, then the activity in the striatum shifts from being based on expectations to being based on outcomes.
C) The extent to which the participants learned to trust the other player depended on their known reputations for generosity.
D) The extent to which the participants learned to trust the other player depended on the resting level of activity in the striatum.

Question 17

According to Fischbacher et al. (2001), what percentage of people will freeload in the Public Goods Game?

A) 0.2
B) 0.3
C) 0.4
D) 0.5

Question 18

According to Nowak (2006) which of the following mechanisms might be unique to humans?

A) Direct reciprocity
B) Indirect reciprocity
C) Kin selection
D) Sexual selection

Question 19

According to the theory of Batson what provides the main motivation for helping behaviour?

A) Empathic concern for the other
B) Alleviation of one's own personal distress
C) Help may be returned in the future
D) Enhancement of reputation

Question 20

According to the theory of Piliavin et al. (1981) what provides the main motivation for helping behaviour?

A) Empathic concern for the other
B) Alleviation of one's own personal distress
C) Help may be returned in the future
D) Enhancement of reputation

Question 21

For which of these theories of altruism is the concept of 'reputation' crucially important?

A) Direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity
B) Indirect reciprocity and sexual selection
C) Direct reciprocity and sexual selection
D) Kin selection alone

Question 22

Helping behaviour in which no personal gain is obtained is normally referred to as what?

A) Egotism
B) Altruism
C) Machismo
D) Socialism

Question 23

In an fMRI study of the Prisoner's Dilemma, Rilling et al. (2002) compared playing a human opponent versus computer opponent. What did they find?

A) Activity in the striatum is more dependent on the opponent than the monetary reward.
B) Activity in the striatum reflects monetary reward irrespective of the opponent.
C) Activity in the amygdala is more dependent on the opponent than the monetary reward.
D) Activity in the amygdala reflects monetary reward irrespective of the opponent.

Question 24

In an fMRI study of the Prisoner's Dilemma, Rilling et al. (2008) compared unreciprocated cooperation (you cooperate, opponent defects) relative to mutual cooperation. What did they find?

A) Unreciprocated cooperation (relative to mutual cooperation) activates the ventral striatum.
B) Mutual cooperation (relative to unreciprocated cooperation) activates the amygdala and insula.
C) Unreciprocated cooperation (relative to mutual cooperation) activates the amygdala and insula.
D) Mutual cooperation (relative to unreciprocated cooperation) activates the ventral striatum.

Question 25

In an fMRI study of the Ultimatum Game, Sanfey et al. (2003) found which region was more active in unfair than fair offers, and was also more active when unfair offers were rejected than accepted?

A) Insula
B) Amygdala
C) Lateral prefrontal cortex
D) Orbito-frontal cortex

Question 26

In the fMRI study of Rilling et al. (2002) which condition was associated with greatest activity in the nucleus accumberns?

A) You cooperate, opponent defects
B) Mutual defection
C) Mutual cooperation
D) You defect, opponent cooperates

Question 27

Players on the non-iterative Ultimatum Game often reject low offers (thereby obtaining nothing) What is the standard explanation for this?

A) People act according to self-interest.
B) People are poor at logical reasoning.
C) It punishes the opponent for unfairness.
D) There is activation in the anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 28

TMS over the right dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex was found by Knoch et al. (2006) to disrupt performance in the Ultimatum Game. What specifically was found?

A) More unfair offers were accepted, and were rated as being more fair.
B) Less unfair offers were accepted, but ratings of fairness were unaffected.
C) More unfair offers were accepted, but ratings of fairness were unaffected.
D) Less unfair offers were accepted, and were rated as being less fair.

Question 29

What did the fMRI study of the Trust Game by Delgado et al. (2005) find?

A) The striatum was only activated when interacting with a player with neutral/unknown reputation but not those with a known reputation (good or bad)
B) As trust between the two players develops, then the activity in the striatum shifts from being based on outcomes to being based on expectations.
C) As trust between the two players develops, then the activity in the striatum shifts from being based onexpectations to being based on outcomes.
D) The extent to which the participants learned to trust the other player depended on the resting level of activity in the striatum.

Question 30

Who created a computer simulation for the evolution of cooperation?

A) Dawkins (1976)
B) Axelrod & Hamilton (1981)
C) Fishbacher et al. (2001)
D) Berg et al. (1995)