Deck 7: Failed Socialization

Question 1

Travis Hirschi claimed that inadequate ___________ processes in children and youth allow, and can even foster, the formation of unconventional attitudes that can result in crime and delinquency.

A) socialization
B) learning
C) biological
D) rationalization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

___________ theories examine the connections and controls that link people to conventional society and lead them to care about the consequences of what they do.

A) Bonding
B) Social control
C) Self-control
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Learning __________ is a crucial element in the process of resisting the impulse to law violation.

A) attachment
B) labeling
C) self-control
D) deviance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to __________ theory, children who have frequent breaks in relations with their mother in the early years of development up to the age of eight, or who have factors that mitigate against secure maternal bonding develop anxiety and have difficulty forming relationships with others.

A) attachment
B) labeling
C) self-control
D) deviance

Question 5

___________ theorists are concerned with the failure of socialization. However, instead of focusing on bonds, they examine the social reaction component of interaction with society's control agents.

A) Attachment
B) Labeling
C) Self-control
D) Deviance

Question 6

Attachment theory predicts that the most problematic individuals will be those who:

A) Were abandoned at an early age and/or had to deal with the early absence of one or both parents
B) Experienced multiple placements (in foster homes and so on)
C) Faced traumatic conditions in early childhood
D) All of the above

Question 7

Drawing on ideas about offenders' failure to internalize personal self-control and the absence of direct external social controls such as law and informal social control, F. Ivan Nye distinguished between multiple kinds of controls. __________ control protects youths from delinquency through their wish to avoid hurting intimates, such as parents.

A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Internal
D) External

Question 8

Drawing on ideas about offenders' failure to internalize personal self-control and the absence of direct external social controls such as law and informal social control, F. Ivan Nye distinguished between multiple kinds of controls. __________ control relies on an internalized sense of guilt.

A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Internal
D) External

Question 9

Drawing on ideas about offenders' failure to internalize personal self-control and the absence of direct external social controls such as law and informal social control, F. Ivan Nye distinguished between multiple kinds of controls. __________ control comes from the threat of punishment.

A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Internal
D) External

Question 10

___________ theory states that adolescent youths are motivated toward delinquency by pushes from the and pulls provided by peers. Juveniles will violate the law unless protected by both internal and external controls.

A) Containment
B) Symbolic interactionist
C) Stigma
D) Social bond

Question 11

According to ___________ theory, we see ourselves through the mirror of others, as they react to what they see in us.

A) containment
B) symbolic interactionist
C) stigma
D) social bond

Question 12

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ signifies the individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting others' expectations. This involves a cost-benefit analysis of what degree of previous investment or stake in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 13

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ describes the time and energy spent on participation in conventional activities. Since time and energy are limited, the more time spent doing conventional activities, the less time is available for deviant acts.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 14

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ refers to trust in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 15

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ refers to caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on mutual trust and respect that develop from ongoing interactions and intimate relations with conventional adults.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 16

Developing self-control over one's behavior comes mainly from parenting practices in particular in __________ them when they deviate, which involves monitoring, recognizing deviance, and correcting it.

A) correcting
B) admonishing
C) punishing
D) All of the above

Question 17

According to self-control theory, '_____________' is the process of laying down the law and making clear what children can and cannot do.

A) normative regulation
B) deviance management
C) ruling control
D) organized supervision

Question 18

Howard Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those with more power to shape the law and therefore what is defined as crime with their own ideas of what is offensive.

A) moral entrepreneur
B) master status
C) total institution
D) reintegrative shaming

Question 19

Once successfully labeled, a person is subject to the negative effects of the label itself, which provides what Howard Becker called a ___________. Being caught and publicly labeled as an offender "has important consequences for one's further social participation and self-image."

A) moral entrepreneur
B) master status
C) total institution
D) reintegrative shaming

Question 20

While expressing social disapproval, ___________ also provides the social process mechanisms to bring those censured back into the community, reaffirming that they are morally good-only a part of their total behavior is unacceptable.

A) moral entrepreneur
B) master status
C) total institution
D) reintegrative shaming

Question 21

A ___________ is a place where similarly classified people are forced to live, work, and play together around activities consistent with the goals of the institution.

A) moral entrepreneur
B) master status
C) total institution
D) reintegrative shaming

Question 22

Einstadter and Henry summarized four policy components of labeling theory identified in the literature. One component, ___________ attempts to deal with the stigma effects of total institutions by minimizing their use and letting numerous people, such as those convicted of substance abuse offenses, out on alternatives such as probation or electronic tethers. Instead of calling for more prisons, this strategy involves stopping prison building and stopping the sentencing of offenders to prison terms for nonviolent offenses.

A) decriminalization
B) diversion
C) decarceration
D) restitution/reparation

Question 23

Einstadter and Henry summarized four policy components of labeling theory identified in the literature. One component, ___________ is a policy that redirects those engaged in minor law violations, especially status offenses such as truancy, runaways, and curfew violation, away from the courts through informal processes leading to non-correctional settings.

A) decriminalization
B) diversion
C) decarceration
D) restitution/reparation

Question 24

Einstadter and Henry summarized four policy components of labeling theory identified in the literature. One component, ___________ are designed to make the offender responsible for the crime by repaying or compensating either the victim or the community or society for the harm done. This can involve working to pay back the offender or forms of community service.

A) decriminalization
B) diversion
C) decarceration
D) restitution/reparation

Question 25

Einstadter and Henry summarized four policy components of labeling theory identified in the literature. One component, ___________ is the legalization of crimes involving consent (victimless crimes) and includes activities such as drug use, homosexuality, gambling, and prostitution.

A) decriminalization
B) diversion
C) decarceration
D) restitution/reparation

Question 26

In control theory, being socialized is not about learning behavior, but about knowing and caring about the consequences of behavior.

Question 27

What significantly affects socialization are the social bonds of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief formed between children and conventional others, such as teachers and parents.

Question 28

Control theory implies policy interventions based on preventive socialization designed to protect and insulate individuals from the pushes and pulls toward crime.

Question 29

Broken-bond theory states that, when children are raised in a disorganized and fragmented community, separated from mainstream culture and values, they may not form bonds to convention in the first place.

Question 30

Failure-to-bond theory states that socialization into convention occurs from an early age but something breaks or weakens the bonds to convention, freeing a person to deviate.

Question 31

According to John Bowlby, affectionless characters lack the ability to empathize with others and do not see or feel the pain that harm may cause others.

Question 32

According to Walter Reckless' containment theory, outer containment comes from a strongly developed sense of guilt and a positive self-concept.

Question 33

According to Walter Reckless' containment theory, inner containment comes from parents and school discipline.

Question 34

Social controls are actual or potential rewards and punishments that accrue from conformity to or deviation from norms.

Question 35

According to self-control theory, the difference between offenders and non-offenders is in their awareness of and concern for the long-term costs of crime.

Question 36

Those who have a high degree of self-control are easily swayed by current benefits and tend to forget future costs.

Question 37

Those who have a low degree of self-control avoid acts potentially damaging to their future prospects, whatever current benefits these acts seem to promise.

Question 38

According to interactionist theory that underlies labeling theory, we discover self-identity through symbolic communication in interaction and role-play with others in social contexts.

Question 39

Labeling theorists argue that society-specifically through persons in powerful positions-creates deviance by overreacting to minor rule breaking.

Question 40

According to Edwin Lemert, primary deviance refers to behavior that results after a person's primary deviance is reacted to by authorities, particularly social control agents of the criminal justice system. It is rule-breaking behavior that emerges from a person's social identity.

Question 41

According to Edwin Lemert, everyone engages in forms of secondary deviance, and alone it has little consequence for a person's social identity, provided that the person has a strong self-image.

Question 42

According to __________ theory, children who have frequent breaks in relations with their mother in the early years of development up to the age of eight, or who have factors that mitigate against secure maternal bonding develop anxiety and have difficulty forming relationships with others.

Question 43

According to F. Ivan Nye, __________ control protects youths from delinquency through their wish to avoid hurting intimates, such as parents.

Question 44

According to F. Ivan Nye, __________ control relies on an internalized sense of guilt.

Question 45

According to F. Ivan Nye, __________ control comes from the threat of punishment.

Question 46

___________ theory states that adolescent youths are motivated toward delinquency by pushes from the and pulls provided by peers. Juveniles will violate the law unless protected by both internal and external controls, which he called inner and outer containments.

Question 47

According to ___________ theory, we see ourselves through the mirror of others, as they react to what they see in us.

Question 48

According to Travis Hirschi, ____________ signifies the individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting others' expectations. This involves a cost-benefit analysis of what degree of previous investment or stake in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act.

Question 49

According to Travis Hirschi, ____________ describes the time and energy spent on participation in conventional activities. Since time and energy are limited, the more time spent doing conventional activities, the less time is available for deviant acts.

Question 50

According to Travis Hirschi, ____________ refers to trust in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior.

Question 51

According to Travis Hirschi, __________ refers to caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on mutual trust and respect that develop from ongoing interactions and intimate relations with conventional adults.

Question 52

A ___________ is a place where similarly classified people are forced to live, work, and play together around activities consistent with the goals of the institution.

Question 53

According to Howard Becker, __________ are those with more power to shape the law and therefore what is defined as crime with their own ideas of what is offensive.

Question 54

Please describe and explain the four components of the social bond.

Question 55

-According to self-control theory, there are those with high degrees of self-control as well as those with low degrees of self-control. Please explain the difference between these two groups of individuals.

Question 56

-Please list at least five characteristics of those with low self-control.

Question 57

-According to self-control theory, parenting involves the control of deviant behavior or normative regulation that requires that someone monitor behavior, recognize deviant behavior when it occurs, and correct or punish it. What does this mean? Please explain.

Question 58

-Symbolic interactionism can be broken down into several easily understood propositions. What are these?