Exam 7: Failed Socialization

Howard Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those with more power to shape the law and therefore what is defined as crime with their own ideas of what is offensive.

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ refers to caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on mutual trust and respect that develop from ongoing interactions and intimate relations with conventional adults.

According to F. Ivan Nye, __________ control comes from the threat of punishment.

Drawing on ideas about offenders' failure to internalize personal self-control and the absence of direct external social controls such as law and informal social control, F. Ivan Nye distinguished between multiple kinds of controls. __________ control relies on an internalized sense of guilt.

Einstadter and Henry summarized four policy components of labeling theory identified in the literature. One component, ___________ attempts to deal with the stigma effects of total institutions by minimizing their use and letting numerous people, such as those convicted of substance abuse offenses, out on alternatives such as probation or electronic tethers. Instead of calling for more prisons, this strategy involves stopping prison building and stopping the sentencing of offenders to prison terms for nonviolent offenses.

According to Walter Reckless' containment theory, outer containment comes from a strongly developed sense of guilt and a positive self-concept.

According to __________ theory, children who have frequent breaks in relations with their mother in the early years of development up to the age of eight, or who have factors that mitigate against secure maternal bonding develop anxiety and have difficulty forming relationships with others.

According to F. Ivan Nye, __________ control protects youths from delinquency through their wish to avoid hurting intimates, such as parents.

For Travis Hirschi, the social bond consists of four components. ____________ refers to trust in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior.

Labeling theorists argue that society-specifically through persons in powerful positions-creates deviance by overreacting to minor rule breaking.

According to Edwin Lemert, primary deviance refers to behavior that results after a person's primary deviance is reacted to by authorities, particularly social control agents of the criminal justice system. It is rule-breaking behavior that emerges from a person's social identity.

TABLE 7.1 Grasmick's Characteristics of Low Self-Control Impulsive Seeks Instant Gratification Low Levels of Diligence, Tenadity, and Persistence Seeks Sensation and Excitement Prefers Simple Physical Tasks over Complex, Intellectual Tasks Self-centered Insensitive to Others' Needs Low Tolerance to Frustration Addresses Conflict though Confrontation SOURCE: Grasmick 1994. -According to self-control theory, there are those with high degrees of self-control as well as those with low degrees of self-control. Please explain the difference between these two groups of individuals.

According to self-control theory, '_____________' is the process of laying down the law and making clear what children can and cannot do.

TABLE 7.1 Grasmick's Characteristics of Low Self-Control Impulsive Seeks Instant Gratification Low Levels of Diligence, Tenadity, and Persistence Seeks Sensation and Excitement Prefers Simple Physical Tasks over Complex, Intellectual Tasks Self-centered Insensitive to Others' Needs Low Tolerance to Frustration Addresses Conflict though Confrontation SOURCE: Grasmick 1994. -Symbolic interactionism can be broken down into several easily understood propositions. What are these?

According to ___________ theory, we see ourselves through the mirror of others, as they react to what they see in us.

According to self-control theory, the difference between offenders and non-offenders is in their awareness of and concern for the long-term costs of crime.

A ___________ is a place where similarly classified people are forced to live, work, and play together around activities consistent with the goals of the institution.

According to __________ theory, children who have frequent breaks in relations with their mother in the early years of development up to the age of eight, or who have factors that mitigate against secure maternal bonding develop anxiety and have difficulty forming relationships with others.

According to Travis Hirschi, ____________ refers to trust in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior.

Failure-to-bond theory states that socialization into convention occurs from an early age but something breaks or weakens the bonds to convention, freeing a person to deviate.