Deck 5: Short term and Working Memory.

Question 1

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

A)STM and LTM are independent components of memory.
B)information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.
C)information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM.
D)STM has a limited capacity.

Answer 1

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

Question 2

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results.Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

A)Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
B)Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer
C)Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory
D)Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

Answer 2

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Question 3

If a person has a digit span of two,this indicates that he hasmemory.

A)an absence of sensory
B)poor short-term
C)exceptional short-term
D)normal short-term

Answer 3

poor short-term

Question 4

Information remains in sensory memory for

A)seconds or a fraction of a second.
B)15-30 seconds.
C)1-3 minutes.
D)as long as it is rehearsed.

Question 5

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT,QSD)after various delays.They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds.They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to,but later research showed that it was actually due to.

A)interference;decay
B)priming;interference
C)decay;interference
D)decay;lack of rehearsal

Question 6

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example ofmemory.

A)semantic
B)acoustic
C)visual
D)iconic

Question 7

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

A)receptors,occipital lobe,temporal lobe.
B)receptors,temporal lobe,frontal lobe.
C)sensory memory,short-term memory,long-term memory.
D)sensory memory,iconic memory,rehearsal.

Question 8

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly,people perceive a circle of light.This occurs because

A)the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler.
B)due to its differing wavelengths,the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out.
C)the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision)is about a fraction of a second.
D)Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

Question 9

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house.In your mind,you say the address repeatedly until you arrive.Once you arrive,you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend.To remember the address,you used a(n)process in STM.

A)control
B)automatic
C)coding
D)iconic

Question 10

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem withmemory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)sensory
D)autobiographical

Question 11

According to your text,when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories,all but which of the following are commonly identified?

A)their daily schedule
B)learning material for exams
C)remembering names and phone numbers
D)labeling familiar objects

Question 12

The "magic number," according to Miller,is

A)7 and 11.
B)5 plus 2.
C)7 plus or minus 2.
D)lucky 13.

Question 13

The effective duration of short-term memory,when rehearsal is prevented,is

A)just under a fraction of a second.
B)15-20 seconds or less.
C)1-3 minutes or more.
D)indefinite.

Question 14

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

A)iconic memory.
B)primary auditory memory.
C)echoic memory.
D)pre-perceptual auditory memory.

Question 15

Compared to the whole-report technique,the partial-report procedure involves

A)a smaller stimulus set.
B)a smaller response set.
C)a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set.
D)a shorter rehearsal period.

Question 16

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

A)do not require attention.
B)may differ from one task to another.
C)are performed without conscious awareness.
D)are difficult to modify.

Question 17

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory.She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory.Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work.Usually,she checks off each item as the day progresses,but this week,she is determined to memorize the to-do lists.On Monday,Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list.On Tuesday,her memory drops to 80 percent,and by Thursday,she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent.Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday.This process is called

A)anterograde amnesia.
B)episodic buffering.
C)chunking.
D)proactive interference.

Question 18

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room,it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall,even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time.This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

A)a visual delay effect.
B)echoic memory.
C)persistence of vision.
D)top-down processing.

Question 19

If Peyton Manning,a professional football player,wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number,which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

A)He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics.
B)He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color.
C)He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice.
D)He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

Question 20

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment,Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw aboutpercent of the 12 letters in the display.

A)12
B)36
C)65
D)82

Question 21

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

A)a long list of words than a short list of words.
B)a list of long words than a list of short words.
C)a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths.
D)a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

Question 22

Imagine yourself walking from your car,bus stop,or dorm to your first class.Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

A)the STM recency effect
B)delayed response coding
C)the phonological loop
D)the visuospatial sketch pad

Question 23

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

A)permanently stored.
B)manipulated.
C)forgotten.
D)perceived.

Question 24

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

A)the phonological similarity effect.
B)short-term memory.
C)the persistence of vision.
D)the physiological approach to coding.

Question 25

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop,which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

A)BIP,TEK,LIN,MOD,REY
B)SAY,BET,PIN,COW,RUG
C)MAC,CAN,CAP,MAN,MAP
D)PIG,DOG,RAT,FOX,HEN

Question 26

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

A)short-term memory consists of a number of components.
B)short-term memory has unlimited capacity.
C)working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.
D)working memory has unlimited capacity.

Question 27

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time.His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him.At the first group,Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names.The same thing happens with a second group and a third group.At the fourth group,Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant.A little while later,Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group,he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party.Lamar's experience demonstrates

A)the phonological similarity effect.
B)retroactive interference.
C)the cocktail party phenomenon.
D)a partial-report procedure.

Question 28

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and
J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does.
This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to.

A)proactive interference.
B)your overloading the phonological loop.
C)a release from proactive interference.
D)a recency effect.

Question 29

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented.It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as

A)L.
B)I.
C)R.
D)C.

Question 30

Given the different theoretical components of working memory,the code for these memories is most likely based on theof the stimulus.

A)sound
B)appearance
C)meaning
D)modality

Question 31

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

A)14 929 111 776
B)149 29111 776
C)14 92 91 117 76
D)1492 911 1776

Question 32

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

A)saying "the,the,the" fills up the phonological loop.
B)saying "la,la,la" forces participants to use visual encoding.
C)talking makes the longer words seem even longer.
D)elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.

Question 33

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

A)20% : 50 % : 70% correct
B)80% : 40% : 30% correct
C)30 % : 30% : 30% correct
D)70% : 40% : 60% correct

Question 34

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the,the,the' out loud,look away,and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

A)articulatory suppression.
B)the visuospatial sketch pad.
C)echoic memory.
D)the central executive.

Question 35

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980)examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him.They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers.The significance of this finding was that

A)experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
B)knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.
C)expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.
D)chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Question 36

The word-length effect reveals that

A)STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages.
B)longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words.
C)working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information.
D)the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Question 37

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

A)It reduces memory span.
B)It interferes with semantic coding.
C)It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words.
D)It eliminates the use of rehearsal.

Question 38

The primary effect of chunking is to

A)maximize the recency effect.
B)increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound.
C)develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information.
D)increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Question 39

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

A)meaningful units.
B)letters.
C)words.
D)sentences.

Question 40

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do.This difficulty can be understood as

A)articulatory suppression.
B)an overload of sensory memory.
C)rehearsal interference.
D)an LTM recency effect.

Question 41

One function ofis to pull information out of long-term memory.

A)sensory memory
B)the phonological loop
C)articulatory suppression
D)the central executive

Question 42

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

A)one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
B)both are handled by the sketch pad.
C)both are handled by the phonological loop.
D)the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period

Question 43

According to the model of working memory,which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar,winding road?

A)Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
B)Trying to remember a map of the area
C)Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
D)Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

Question 44

Define working memory.Explain the functions of each of the three components of working memory and provide experimental evidence for the phonological loop,making sure you describe 1)the phonological similarity effect,2)the word-length effect,and 3)articulatory suppression.

Question 45

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND

A)saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?
B)pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner?
C)saying "no" for each corner that is an inside corner and "yes" for each corner that is an outside corner?
D)pointing to the letter "N" for each inside corner and "Y" for each outside corner?

Question 46

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

A)nucleus acumbens.
B)prefrontal cortex.
C)diencephalon.
D)cingulate gyrus.

Question 47

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

A)The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
B)The central executive and long-term memory
C)The central executive and the phonological loop
D)The phonological loop and long-term memory

Question 48

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the

A)hippocampus.
B)amygdala.
C)occipital cortex.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 49

Neuralrefers to a neural response,usually brain activation measured by fMRI,to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking.

A)potentiation
B)mind reading
C)perseveration
D)interference

Question 50

Explain Sperling's experiments about sensory memory.Compare and contrast the results of the whole- vs.partial- report methods,and use this example to explain how clever experimentation can reveal rapid cognitive processes that we are usually unaware of.

Question 51

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task.These neurons showed the most intense firing during

A)stimulus presentation.
B)delay.
C)response.
D)encoding.

Question 52

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

A)saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
B)pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
C)pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?
D)saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

Question 53

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as thecan disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)occipital lobe

Question 54

Sam has an extensive vocabulary because she is actively learning new words all the time.When Sam reads a word she does not recognize,she repeats its spelling until she looks it up in a dictionary.When she sees the word again on subsequent pages,she remembers the meaning.Describe the structural features of the modal model and control processes involved in the above example.

Question 55

Compare and contrast the phenomena of proactive and retroactive interference.Then,use these two concepts to describe successful strategies for studying in college.

Question 56

Shanta has frontal lobe damage.She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices.She can easily complete this repeatedly,but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task,she continues to choose the red one,even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect.Shanta is displaying

A)sensory memory.
B)decay.
C)perseveration.
D)agnosia.

Question 57

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new experimental results.Discuss this idea by describing an "old" theory,the "new or revised" theory,and the data that brought about the change from the old theory to the new theory based on the research described in the chapter on short-term and working memory.