Deck 3: Understanding Exercise Behavior I

Question 1

Stimulus-response theory identifies four events that can follow a behavior.
a. Describe each type of event and its effect on behavior.
b. Discuss how an exercise psychologist could use each type of event to increase exercise behavior at a university exercise facility. Be sure to give specific examples in your answer.

Answer 1

No Answer.

Question 2

Describe classical and instrumental conditioning and provide examples of each. Which type of conditioning is likely to have a greater impact on exercise behavior and why?

Answer 2

No Answer.

Question 3

Diagram the self-efficacy theory and discuss the key elements of it as it relates to exercise behavior; please use examples wherever possible.

Answer 3

No Answer.

Question 4

Diagram the theory of planned behavior and discuss the key elements of it as it relates to exercise behavior; please use examples wherever possible.

Question 5

Diagram the self-determination theory and discuss the key elements of it as it relates to exercise behavior; please use examples wherever possible.

Question 6

Using Self-Determination Theory, explain how changes to the exercise social environment (or context) can influence a person's exercise adherence.

Question 7

Define all of the stages in the transtheoretical model.

Question 8

Compare and contrast models versus theories (i.e., what is the value of each?).

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of theories?

A) Theories allow us to better understand and predict physical activity behavior
B) Theories fail to explain why an exercise behavior has taken place
C) Theories give us a scientifically validated blueprint for effective behavioral interventions
D) All of the above are characteristics of theories.

Question 10

Classical conditioning principles state that a reflexive behavior can be elicited through which of the following?

A) Repeated pairings of a behavior in the absence of an antecedent cue
B) Repeated pairings of a behavior with an antecedent cue
C) Repeated pairings of a behavior with a consequential cue
D) Repeated pairings of a behavior with an aversive stimulus

Question 11

Which of the following is true about positive reinforcers?

A) They are intrinsic or extrinsic rewards that can increase future exercise behavior
B) They are most effective when delivered before the start of an exercise bout
C) They have a greater impact on behavior than classical conditioning
D) They do not occur naturally in exercise environments

Question 12

When negative reinforcers are withdrawn after exercise, what will happen to exercise in the future?

A) It will increase in frequency
B) It will decrease in frequency
C) It will be unchanged
D) It will be eliminated

Question 13

What is the major limitation to the use of stimulus-response theory?

A) It does not consider the important role of cognition
B) Reinforcement and punishment are not effective strategies for increasing exercise behavior
C) children respond better to activity restriction than to reinforcement and punishment
D) All of the above

Question 14

Behavioral economics involves the integration of stimulus-response theory with which of the following?

A) Basic research on cognitive psychology
B) An understanding of how people allocate time and effort to various options
C) Self-efficacy theory and decision-balance theory
D) A and B

Question 15

The social cognitive theoretical approach views behavior as being influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

A) Cognitions
B) Social pressures/experiences
C) Genetic predispositions
D) None of the above

Question 16

Motivation may be defined by all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

A) Approach or avoidance of a behavior
B) Persistence
C) Effort
D) Motivation may be defined by all of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following may potentially influence exercise self-efficacy?

A) Exercise heart rate
B) Perceptions of pain and fatigue
C) Emotions
D) All of the above

Question 18

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, one's intention to engage in exercise may be influenced by which of the following?

A) Perceived behavioral control
B) Subjective norm
C) Attitude
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which statement is false?

A) Intention is an accurate predictor of exercise behavior when the behavior is to be attempted in the distant future (i.e., in the coming weeks or months)
B) Intention is an accurate predictor of exercise behavior when the behavior is to be attempted in the immediate future (i.e., in the next 24 hours)
C) Intention is a better predictor of whether an individual will engage in a single bout of exercise as opposed to whether he will adhere to a chronic exercise regimen
D) Intention exerts a stronger influence on behavior than does perceived behavioral control.

Question 20

Perceived behavioral control….

A) is conceptually similar to self-efficacy
B) accounts for the role of barriers in explaining exercise behavior
C) influences exercise behavior both directly and indirectly
D) All of the above

Question 21

According to self-determination theory, which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need?

A) Need to feel competent
B) Need to feel personally connected with others
C) Need for psychological stimulation
D) Need to experience choice and freedom

Question 22

Which of the following is considered the most self-determined form of motivation?

A) Intrinsic regulation
B) Identified regulation
C) Introjected regulation
D) Integrated regulation

Question 23

According to SDT, who would be most likely to adhere to an exercise program?

A) An exerciser who works out only because her doctor told her to do so.
B) An exerciser who endorses internally regulated forms of motivation.
C) An exerciser who endorses externally regulated forms of motivation.
D) An exerciser who works out because he wants others to find him attractive.

Question 24

What techniques can be used to change a person's motivational regulation for exercise?

A) An exercise counselor can help foster feelings of autonomy.
B) A fitness instructor can alter the exercise social context to create a sense of belongingness.
C) A personal trainer can help the exerciser identify personally meaningful reasons for exercising.
D) All of the above.

Question 25

According to the transtheoretical model, we can determine whether people are moving through the stages by looking for which of the following?

A) Shifts in the number of perceived pros versus cons to becoming more active
B) A decrease in their self-efficacy
C) A decrease in their awareness of benefits to being active
D) An increase in their contemplation