Deck 13: Development of the Self

Question 1

Which aspect of the self is concerned with the question: How and when do children acquire self-control?"

A) self-knowledge
B) self-evaluation
C) self-regulation
D) self-system

Answer 1

self-regulation

Question 2

When asked to describe herself, Cindy responded that she was a sister, fairly smart, usually fairly even tempered, and reasonably attractive. This description was based on Cindy's

A) existential self.
B) categorical self.
C) subjective self.
D) agentic self.

Answer 2

categorical self.

Question 3

The __________self refers to ___________.

A) objective; personal traits
B) existential; subjective experience
C) empirical self; sense of personal identity
D) "I"; social status and physical appearance

Answer 3

existential; subjective experience

Question 4

Contemporary theorists divide the self-system into three processes known as

A) the id, ego, and superego.
B) self-knowledge, self-evaluation, and self-regulation.
C) the objective self, subjective self, and idealized self.
D) cognitive self, affective self, and physical self.

Question 5

Awareness of one's gender is one aspect of

A) self-knowledge.
B) self-evaluation.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-esteem.

Question 6

Angie believes that she is one of the best softball players on the team, but that her sister is better in math. These beliefs illustrate

A) self-knowledge.
B) self-evaluation.
C) self-regulation.
D) sociogenesis.

Question 7

Which illustrates the component of the self-system known as self-evaluation?

A) Rena knows she likes to play the piano.
B) Rena believes she is ugly.
C) Rena is aware that she is afraid to ride roller coasters.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 8

Rena likes to distribute her consumption of Easter candy over a period of weeks instead of eating it all in one sitting. This illustrates the component of the self-system known as

A) self-evaluation.
B) self-knowledge.
C) ego.
D) self-regulation.

Question 9

The ability to wait for one's turn at the water fountain illustrates the process known as

A) self-consciousness.
B) self-evaluation.
C) self-regulation.
D) sociogenesis.

Question 10

Victor, a 20 month-old boy, is taking his first gymnastics course. All the kids line up to wait their turn to go on the trampoline. Victor, however, pushes all the other kids out of his way to jump on the trampoline first. Which concept does this situation illustrate?

A) Existential self
B) Self-consciousness
C) Self-regulation
D) Self-system

Question 11

Irma has low self esteem and is depressed. If she is asked to remember a list of adjectives, she will probably

A) find it easier to remember the adjectives that are negative.
B) find it easier to remember the adjectives that are positive.
C) find it equally easy to remember negative and positive adjectives.
D) remember the items in the middle of the list because of the primacy and recency effect.

Question 12

Studies show that people can recall words and events that they can apply to themselves better than they can recall descriptors that do not seem to relate to them. This finding supports the existence of

A) egocentrism.
B) ego ideal.
C) a self-schema.
D) the evaluative self.

Question 13

Being able to remember information that is relevant to you is better explained by which theoretical model?

A) Social processing model
B) Self model
C) Self regulation
D) Information-processing model

Question 14

Robert Selman built his five-stage model of children's awareness of the self on the basis of information derived from

A) clinical interviews with children.
B) parent interviews.
C) questionnaires completed by parents and children.
D) naturalistic observations of children.

Question 15

In his research on children's awareness of self, Selman was most interested in

A) the development of self-control.
B) children's knowledge and reasoning about the self.
C) the impact of self-esteem on children's school performance.
D) the relationship between children's self-understanding and moral development.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an assumption held by stage theorists?

A) Stages follow a fixed and progressive sequence.
B) Stages are consistent across situations and problems.
C) Stages show some cultural variations.
D) Stages progress in part as a function of biological development.

Question 17

When planning a research project about self-development, a researcher employing Selman's theory might expect to find

A) interesting cross-cultural variations.
B) that two year olds were quite different from six year olds.
C) that boys and girls differed predictably along gender lines.
D) that environmental factors could trigger significant regressions in self-development.

Question 18

In Selman's model, children's awareness of the self

A) is culture-specific.
B) follows an invariant sequence.
C) varies widely across different problems and situations.
D) is an outgrowth of the mother-infant attachment relationship.

Question 19

Selman explains developmental changes in children's awareness of self in terms of

A) changes in children's cognitive abilities.
B) sociogenesis.
C) social learning.
D) self-schemas.

Question 20

According to Selman's model of self-awareness, infants

A) are not aware that they have a separate psychological existence.
B) are not aware that they have a separate physical existence from their mother.
C) are aware that they have a separate physical existence.
D) believe they and their surroundings are linked.

Question 21

According to Selman's model of awareness of self, toddlers and preschoolers

A) believe that action controls thought.
B) understand that thoughts control actions.
C) like to reflect upon their inner selves.
D) understand that an individual's outward behaviour may not accurately represent what they are really feeling.

Question 22

According to Selman's model, at what point in development do children FIRST become able to mask their true feelings from others by behaving differently than how they feel?

A) Early childhood
B) Middle childhood
C) Preadolescence
D) Adolescence

Question 23

A unique aspect of the adolescent's awareness of self, according to Selman's model, is

A) the inability to distinguish between physical behaviour and emotional feelings.
B) the recognition that one is responsible for making conscious all aspects of the self.
C) the ability to recognize that parts of the self can be hidden from others.
D) the belief that the self cannot ever be completely known.

Question 24

Kayla believes that her inner thoughts can be seen by her parents. According to Selman's model on self-awareness, it is most likely that she is at Level _____.

A) 0 (Infancy)
B) 1 (Early Childhood)
C) 2 (Middle Childhood)
D) 3 (Preadolescence)

Question 25

Bandura's term for a person's ability, as judged by that person, to succeed at various tasks is known as

A) self-evaluation.
B) self-consciousness.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 26

How do children learn to accurately judge their self-efficacy?

A) Parents warn children about the limits of their abilities.
B) They make judgments about their own skills by observing relevant models.
C) Physiological reactions to failure become effective warnings that failure is near at hand.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 27

Leo watches another boy climbing a wall and he reasons, "If that boy, who is my size and age, can climb that wall, I can probably do it too." According to Albert Bandura, Leo is using

A) self-comparison
B) self-evaluations.
C) self-efficacy.
D) modelling.

Question 28

According to Bandura, self-efficacy

A) is related to effort and persistence on tasks.
B) is unrelated to children's behaviour.
C) remains stable from infancy through adolescence.
D) is not affected by changes in children's cognitive abilities.

Question 29

In the process of learning to self-regulate their behaviour, children internalize rules established by other people like parents and teachers, and they use these rules as personal standards. The child then notes whether his or her behaviour has met these standards, applying self-sanctions in the form of self-approval or disapproval. Such sanctions are referred to as

A) self-standardization.
B) self-efficacy.
C) evaluative self-reactions.
D) discipline.

Question 30

Rosa is starting to internalize the rules her parents have set out for her; that is, their rules have become her own. This process is related to the development of a sense of

A) self-efficacy
B) evaluative self-reactions
C) categorical self
D) existential self

Question 31

A researcher who asks the question, "What is the adaptive function of having a self?" is taking a(n) __________ approach to the development of the self.

A) Cognitive-developmental
B) Environment/learning
C) Evolutionary and biological
D) Sociocultural

Question 32

Evolutionary psychologists argue that studies of children with autism, who exhibit impairment in self-recognition and the ability to draw inferences about other's mental states, provide support for

A) a modularized view of self-knowledge.
B) a non-modularized view of self-knowledge.
C) an inferential view of self-knowledge.
D) a non-inferential view of self-knowledge

Question 33

Lea was recently adopted from Romania, where she was brought up in a cold and hostile orphanage since her birth. The caregivers were not sensitive to her needs. According to Bowlby, we would expect Lea to see herself as being __________.

A) self-efficacious
B) unworthy
C) needy
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following species has NOT been found to show evidence of self-recognition?

A) Chimpanzee
B) Orangutan
C) Dolphins
D) Rhesus monkeys

Question 35

Which of the following responses to the mark test would suggest that a male chimpanzee did NOT recognize himself when he looks in a mirror?

A) The chimp touches a red dye mark on his eyebrow ridge.
B) The chimp touches a red dye mark on his left ear.
C) The chimp touches the red dye mark on the mirror rather than the red mark on himself.
D) The chimp touches the red dye mark on his eyebrow ridge and on his left ear.

Question 36

The mark test is used to measure

A) self-recognition.
B) accuracy of aim.
C) drawing ability.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 37

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) In some cultures, the self is independent, self-contained, and autonomous, whereas in other cultures the boundary between self and others is less clearly drawn.
B) In some cultures, children are not considered "persons" until a certain age.
C) Some cultures believe that the self may have previously inhabited other bodies.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 38

From the first few days of life caregivers adopt practices that are largely compatible with their own cultural views of the self. An example of such a cultural practice is

A) sleeping arrangements.
B) autonomy training.
C) individual rights.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Japanese culture?

A) Family members share the same bed.
B) A belief that children are born dependent.
C) Encouraging children to rely on others to sense and meet their needs.
D) Sacrifice of personal interest for the sake of interpersonal harmony.

Question 40

Three-week-old Juan sticks out his tongue after observing his mother do the same. This may indicate

A) that babies can connect sensory input with corresponding motor responses.
B) that babies can self-regulate earlier than previously thought.
C) an infant's early awareness of unity with others.
D) that even young babies have a sense of personal agency.

Question 41

Three-month-old infants were seated in an apparatus in which they could see live images of their legs transmitted on two TV monitors in front of them. Different images-sometimes reversed and sometimes upside down-were presented on each monitor. Which statement is TRUE regarding this study?

A) The variable that the researchers were interested in was heart rate.
B) The babies' looking responses indicated that they knew when the timing of their leg movements did not match what was on the screen.
C) The babies did not react when the direction of the leg movements that they viewed did not match their leg movements.
D) The babies looked longer when they moved their legs but saw their arms on the screen.

Question 42

There is evidence to suggest that infants' sense of personal agency is enhanced by

A) exposure to mirrors.
B) interacting with responsive caregivers.
C) experience with multiple caregivers.
D) exposure to videos of themselves.

Question 43

Personal agency refers to

A) the understanding that one can be the cause of events.
B) one's evaluation of success on a task.
C) the tendency to take responsibility for bad things that happen to other people.
D) the belief that rule violations will be punished, even if the violations go undetected.

Question 44

Baby Deirdre has caught on to the fact that by crying, she can actually make her mother come to her crib. This realization that she herself can be the cause of events in her world is referred to as

A) personal belief.
B) personal value.
C) self-efficacy.
D) personal agency.

Question 45

Personal agency is illustrated by which infant behaviour?

A) Repeatedly banging a spoon on a table to make a sound
B) Crying when frightened
C) Blinking in response to a light shone in the eyes
D) Sucking on fingers

Question 46

Six-month-old Kimiko is participating in an experiment examining personal agency. She is MOST likely to follow which instruction?

A) Feed the cookie to your dolly.
B) Feed the cookie to your mommy.
C) Feed the cookie to yourself.
D) Feed the cookie to the person in the mirror.

Question 47

Infants' knowledge that they have their own separate existence is illustrated by

A) use of their body as an anchor point when searching the environment.
B) shaking a toy to elicit a sound.
C) crying to get their mother to come.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 48

By late in the second year of life, infants indicate an awareness of self

A) through the use of pronouns such as "you" and "yours."
B) by touching a mark on their face when they see their image in a mirror.
C) by waiting quietly for attention.
D) by the ability to identify others by name.

Question 49

Three-month-old Raoul, when shown an image of himself and that of another baby, clearly prefers to look at the other baby. This suggests that

A) Raoul has developed a poor sense of self-esteem at a very young age.
B) Raoul cannot distinguish himself from others.
C) Raoul can discriminate between the two images.
D) Raoul has learned at a very early age to put the welfare of others ahead of his welfare.

Question 50

Visual self-recognition has been assessed by examining babies' reactions to

A) photographs.
B) mirror images.
C) videos.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 51

The ability to recognize one's mirror image emerges

A) before 6 months of age.
B) between 8 and 12 months of age.
C) between 15 and 24 months of age.
D) after the age of 2 years.

Question 52

Which alternative is the clearest evidence of self-recognition in infants?

A) Looking longer at photographs of babies than of adults
B) Looking longer at their own mirror image than that of other babies
C) Touching a mark on one's face after seeing the face reflected in a mirror
D) Pointing to one's image in the mirror and saying "da!"

Question 53

Two-year-old children are videotaped as an adult pats them on the head and surreptitiously leaves a sticker on their heads. When the two-year-olds view themselves on screen,

A) they immediately reach for the sticker, but only if the tape is delayed.
B) they think they are watching a same-aged peer regardless of whether the tape is live or delayed.
C) they do not recognize themselves if the tape is delayed.
D) they reach for the stickers on their heads if the tape is live.

Question 54

Eve's mother is a developmentalist and likes testing out different theories on her daughter. She tries out the mark test on her and to her great surprise, Eve attempts to touch the mark on her forehead. Based on this information, Eve is most likely ________ months old.

A) 9
B) 11
C) 13.
D) 15

Question 55

Infants who react most strongly to vaccinations at 6 months of age are

A) least likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age.
B) least likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age.
C) quite likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age.
D) most likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age.

Question 56

Maltreated infants and children differ from their age-mates in all EXCEPT which of the following ways?

A) They are less securely attached.
B) They display less evidence of self-recognition.
C) They respond more negatively to their mirror reflections.
D) They are more likely to be able to describe their feelings.

Question 57

Synchronic imitation involves

A) a live video of an adult mimicking another's behaviour.
B) viewing a live video of oneself.
C) preverbal peers playing with similar toys in a similar fashion.
D) None of the alternatives are correct.

Question 58

Two-year-old Daniel begins banging his spoon on the table. Two-year-old Elaine joins in and bangs her spoon on the table. Daniel responds by banging his spoon again, and Elaine then bangs her spoon some more. This episode suggests that

A) both Daniel and Elaine probably have the ability to recognize themselves in the mirror.
B) Daniel and Elaine must have some understanding of each other's intentions and behaviour.
C) Daniel and Elaine must have some degree of self- and other-awareness.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 59

Children are able to describe themselves as a boy or a girl by around age

A) 2 years.
B) 3 years.
C) 4 years.
D) 5 years.

Question 60

Psychologists assess children's self-knowledge by

A) presenting hypothetical dilemmas about the self and asking how they would respond.
B) presenting hypothetical dilemmas about others and asking why they think the characters behaved as they did.
C) asking them to describe themselves.
D) asking parents to describe their children.

Question 61

When asked to describe himself, Bobby replied, "I go to school. I like turtles. I have a dog named Fred. You want to see him?" How old is Bobby MOST likely to be?

A) 4 years old
B) 7 years old
C) 10 years old
D) 12 years old

Question 62

When asked to describe herself, Nadine states, "I'm a happy kid, I play the piano, and I'm on the school softball team." Nadine is likely in which of Piaget's stages?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 63

Children's self-descriptions begin to include category membership during

A) toddlerhood.
B) the preschool years.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

Question 64

Children's self-descriptions begin to include references to emotions during

A) toddlerhood.
B) the preschool years.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

Question 65

Which of the following self-descriptions is MOST likely to be offered by a 9-year-old?

A) "I have brown eyes and blond hair. My favourite food is spaghetti. I have a pet bunny."
B) "I'm Italian-Canadian. I'm really good at math. I'm kind of shy."
C) "I like snakes. I have a really big rubber one. I know karate."
D) "I am concerned about the environment. I would like to be a scientist. I am very curious and I stick with problems until I figure out the answer."

Question 66

"When I see homeless people on the street, I try to be kind. I think I am generous. I think I could be a good doctor, except I pass out when I see blood." The child who provided this self-description is MOST likely to be

A) 4 years old.
B) 6 years old.
C) 9 years old.
D) 13 years old.

Question 67

When describing herself, Lise says, "Well, I'm pretty quiet in the classroom and I don't put my hand up much. But when I'm at the mall with my friends, I'm a lot louder!" Based on this self-description, we could conclude that Lise is likely

A) 9 years old.
B) 10 years old.
C) 13 years old.
D) 15 years old.

Question 68

Billy describes himself in the following way: "I am sort of tall, I have freckles, and I'm a good soccer player". Based on this self-description, Billy is most likely ______ years old.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 13
D) 15

Question 69

In later adolescence, teens can purposely behave in ways that do not reflect their true selves, described as

A) false self behaviour.
B) evaluative self- reactions.
C) existential self crises.
D) looking glass discrepancy.

Question 70

According to Phinney and Kohatsu (1997), ethnic minority groups pass through three phases in ethnic identity development. During the second phase

A) the adolescent commits to his or her ethnic identity.
B) adolescents give little consideration to their cultural and ethnic identities.
C) adolescents grow increasingly interested in learning about their ethnic and cultural heritage.
D) adolescents disown and repudiate their cultural and ethnic identities.

Question 71

Richard is an adolescent Fransaskois. He has recently grown increasingly interested in his Francophone cultural heritage, despite his considerable exposure to Anglophone media and his frequent contact with Anglophone adolescents. Which of the phases of ethnic identity development described by Phinney and Kohatsu (1997) best fit his increased interest in his heritage?

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 3
D) Phase 4

Question 72

Berry (2007) argues that integration is associated with the best adaptation outcome for immigrant youth. Integration involves

A) maintaining a positive ethnic and Canadian identity.
B) being able to converse in one's ethnic language and that of the majority culture.
C) developing friends from both cultures.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 73

"Cultural continuity" describes six variables that

A) have been found to have a protective effect against suicide among young First Nations people.
B) have been found to have little if any effect on suicide rates among young First Nations people.
C) have been found to actually increase the feelings of despair suicide among young First Nations people.
D) cannot be increased or decreased among young First Nations people.

Question 74

One cultural factor that plays an important protective role in reducing suicide risk among young First Nations people is

A) geographical locale.
B) whether the community is located in a rural or urban area.
C) knowledge of a First Nations language.
D) knowledge of the majority language.

Question 75

The looking-glass self refers to the conception of the self based on

A) how the person thinks others see him or her.
B) the individual's physical appearance.
C) a person's affective reaction to his or her physical appearance.
D) a person's comparison of his or her physical self with an ideal.

Question 76

Andre bases his view of himself on how he thinks his friends see him. This is known as

A) self-awareness.
B) the looking-glass self.
C) self-consciousness.
D) self-esteem.

Question 77

The competence view of the self holds that our level of self-esteem results from a combination of what we would like to achieve and

A) how hard we have to work to achieve it.
B) the extent to which we can rely on others to achieve it.
C) how important it is to others.
D) how confident we feel about achieving it.

Question 78

The most common method of assessing children's self-esteem involves

A) hypothetical dilemmas.
B) parent and teacher ratings.
C) questionnaires.
D) draw-a-person tests.

Question 79

Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children is a questionnaire designed to assess children's opinions of their

A) scholastic competence.
B) athletic competence.
C) physical appearance.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 80

The questionnaire version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to

A) be used with children younger than 8 years old.
B) yield a score for self-analysis.
C) yield a score for self-evaluation in five domains of competence.
D) All of the alternatives are correct.