Question 1

How do children learn to accurately judge their self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents warn children about the limits of their abilities. 
B)  They make judgments about their own skills by observing relevant models. 
C)  Physiological reactions to failure become effective warnings that failure is near at hand. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  Parents warn children about the limits of their abilities. 
B)  They make judgments about their own skills by observing relevant models. 
C)  Physiological reactions to failure become effective warnings that failure is near at hand. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. D

Question 2

There is evidence to suggest that infants' sense of personal agency is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A)  exposure to mirrors. 
B)  interacting with responsive caregivers. 
C)  experience with multiple caregivers. 
D)  exposure to videos of themselves. 
A)  exposure to mirrors. 
B)  interacting with responsive caregivers. 
C)  experience with multiple caregivers. 
D)  exposure to videos of themselves. B

Question 3

Being able to remember information that is relevant to you is better explained by which theoretical model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social processing model 
B)  Self model 
C)  Self regulation 
D)  Information-processing model 
A)  Social processing model 
B)  Self model 
C)  Self regulation 
D)  Information-processing model D

Question 4

Before Megan began doing her homework, she hid a candy bar that she had promised herself as a reward for finishing her homework. Megan

Accepted Answer

A)  is probably in the sixth grade or higher. 
B)  is probably competent in her social interactions with other children. 
C)  is probably academically successful. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  is probably in the sixth grade or higher. 
B)  is probably competent in her social interactions with other children. 
C)  is probably academically successful. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 5

Children's self-descriptions begin to include references to emotions during

Accepted Answer

A)  toddlerhood. 
B)  the preschool years. 
C)  middle childhood. 
D)  adolescence. 
A)  toddlerhood. 
B)  the preschool years. 
C)  middle childhood. 
D)  adolescence.

Question 6

Studies show that people can recall words and events that they can apply to themselves better than they can recall descriptors that do not seem to relate to them. This finding supports the existence of

Accepted Answer

A)  egocentrism. 
B)  ego ideal. 
C)  a self-schema. 
D)  the evaluative self. 
A)  egocentrism. 
B)  ego ideal. 
C)  a self-schema. 
D)  the evaluative self.

Question 7

One way for parents to positively influence their children's academic self-concept is for parents to

Accepted Answer

A)  participate in school activities. 
B)  provide structure and assistance. 
C)  allow children to play an active role in their own activities. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  participate in school activities. 
B)  provide structure and assistance. 
C)  allow children to play an active role in their own activities. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 8

The changes in self-regulation observed during the early years reflect the important development that

Accepted Answer

A)  regulation shifts from external to internal control. 
B)  self control becomes more elaborate and sophisticated. 
C)  the child experiences many task failures, which aid self-regulation. 
D)  both a and b 
A)  regulation shifts from external to internal control. 
B)  self control becomes more elaborate and sophisticated. 
C)  the child experiences many task failures, which aid self-regulation. 
D)  both a and b

Question 9

Older children asked to engage in task-relevant self-statements show

Accepted Answer

A)  a decreased ability to resist temptation as tested by the forbidden toy technique. 
B)  an increased ability to delay reward as tested by the delay-of-gratification technique. 
C)  a decreased ability to forego an immediate small reward in anticipation of a delayed larger reward. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  a decreased ability to resist temptation as tested by the forbidden toy technique. 
B)  an increased ability to delay reward as tested by the delay-of-gratification technique. 
C)  a decreased ability to forego an immediate small reward in anticipation of a delayed larger reward. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 10

Which alternative is the clearest evidence of self-recognition in infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Looking longer at photographs of babies than of adults 
B)  Looking longer at their own mirror image than that of other babies 
C)  Touching a mark on one's face after seeing the face reflected in a mirror 
D)  Pointing to one's image in the mirror and saying "da!" 
A)  Looking longer at photographs of babies than of adults 
B)  Looking longer at their own mirror image than that of other babies 
C)  Touching a mark on one's face after seeing the face reflected in a mirror 
D)  Pointing to one's image in the mirror and saying "da!"

Question 11

Young children asked to produce verbal self-instruction while resisting taking a peek at a collection of toys

Accepted Answer

A)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, but only if the content of the speech was relevant to the task (e.g., "I must not turn around."). 
B)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, but only if the content of the speech was irrelevant to the task and served to distract the children (e.g., repeating nursery rhymes). 
C)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, regardless of the content of the self-instruction. 
D)  were no more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently. 
A)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, but only if the content of the speech was relevant to the task (e.g., "I must not turn around."). 
B)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, but only if the content of the speech was irrelevant to the task and served to distract the children (e.g., repeating nursery rhymes). 
C)  were more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently, regardless of the content of the self-instruction. 
D)  were no more likely to resist looking at the toys than children who sat silently.

Question 12

Infants who react most strongly to vaccinations at 6 months of age are

Accepted Answer

A)  least likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age. 
B)  least likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age. 
C)  quite likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age. 
D)  most likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age. 
A)  least likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age. 
B)  least likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age. 
C)  quite likely to be securely attached at 18 months of age. 
D)  most likely to show mirror self-recognition at 18 months of age.

Question 13

The questionnaire version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to

Accepted Answer

A)  be used with children younger than 8 years old. 
B)  yield a score for self-analysis. 
C)  yield a score for self-evaluation in five domains of competence. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  be used with children younger than 8 years old. 
B)  yield a score for self-analysis. 
C)  yield a score for self-evaluation in five domains of competence. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 14

In his research on children's awareness of self, Selman was most interested in

Accepted Answer

A)  the development of self-control. 
B)  children's knowledge and reasoning about the self. 
C)  the impact of self-esteem on children's school performance. 
D)  the relationship between children's self-understanding and moral development. 
A)  the development of self-control. 
B)  children's knowledge and reasoning about the self. 
C)  the impact of self-esteem on children's school performance. 
D)  the relationship between children's self-understanding and moral development.

Question 15

The students in Mr. Finestone's class were learning how to measure the area of a triangle. One student, Dwight, volunteered to solve the problem on the board. Unfortunately, he couldn't get the answer right, even though he kept cheerfully trying. The next time Mr. Finestone asked for a volunteer to solve a problem on the board, Dwight's hand went shooting up, and he said, "Let me try it, Mr. Finestone. I know I can get this one!" According to Carol Dweck's research, Dwight appears to display

Accepted Answer

A)  a mastery-oriented problem. 
B)  a helpless pattern. 
C)  a naive uninformed pattern. 
D)  a false-self pattern. 
A)  a mastery-oriented problem. 
B)  a helpless pattern. 
C)  a naive uninformed pattern. 
D)  a false-self pattern.

Question 16

Describe Selman's model of children's awareness of self.

Accepted Answer

Selman's model of children's awareness o

Question 17

Which of the following is more characteristic of a Japanese mother than of a Canadian or American mother?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uses power assertion. 
B)  Tries to convince her child to go along with her request. 
C)  Has a two-year-old child going through the "terrible twos." 
D)  Has a child with a responsive stance. 
A)  Uses power assertion. 
B)  Tries to convince her child to go along with her request. 
C)  Has a two-year-old child going through the "terrible twos." 
D)  Has a child with a responsive stance.

Question 18

Children's academic self-concept

Accepted Answer

A)  is generally highest in kindergarten and declines until at least grade 4. 
B)  declines across grades, starting in kindergarten. 
C)  steadily increases across the first four or five grades of school. 
D)  is quite constant across the elementary school grades, but begins a steady decline once high school is reached. 
A)  is generally highest in kindergarten and declines until at least grade 4. 
B)  declines across grades, starting in kindergarten. 
C)  steadily increases across the first four or five grades of school. 
D)  is quite constant across the elementary school grades, but begins a steady decline once high school is reached.

Question 19

Children are able to describe themselves as a boy or a girl by around age

Accepted Answer

A)  2 years. 
B)  3 years. 
C)  4 years. 
D)  5 years. 
A)  2 years. 
B)  3 years. 
C)  4 years. 
D)  5 years.

Question 20

The competence view of the self holds that our level of self-esteem results from a combination of what we would like to achieve and

Accepted Answer

A)  how hard we have to work to achieve it. 
B)  the extent to which we can rely on others to achieve it. 
C)  how important it is to others. 
D)  how confident we feel about achieving it. 
A)  how hard we have to work to achieve it. 
B)  the extent to which we can rely on others to achieve it. 
C)  how important it is to others. 
D)  how confident we feel about achieving it.

How do children learn to accurately judge their self-efficacy?

There is evidence to suggest that infants' sense of personal agency is enhanced by

Being able to remember information that is relevant to you is better explained by which theoretical model?

Before Megan began doing her homework, she hid a candy bar that she had promised herself as a reward for finishing her homework. Megan

Children's self-descriptions begin to include references to emotions during

Studies show that people can recall words and events that they can apply to themselves better than they can recall descriptors that do not seem to relate to them. This finding supports the existence of

One way for parents to positively influence their children's academic self-concept is for parents to

The changes in self-regulation observed during the early years reflect the important development that

Older children asked to engage in task-relevant self-statements show

Which alternative is the clearest evidence of self-recognition in infants?

Young children asked to produce verbal self-instruction while resisting taking a peek at a collection of toys

Infants who react most strongly to vaccinations at 6 months of age are

The questionnaire version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to

In his research on children's awareness of self, Selman was most interested in

Describe Selman's model of children's awareness of self.

Which of the following is more characteristic of a Japanese mother than of a Canadian or American mother?

Children's academic self-concept

Children are able to describe themselves as a boy or a girl by around age

The competence view of the self holds that our level of self-esteem results from a combination of what we would like to achieve and

Background and Theories

Research Methods

Genetics: The Biological Context of Development

Prenatal Development

Physical Development: Birth, Motor Skills, and Growth

Neural and Brain Development

Language Development

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches

Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach

Intelligence and Schooling

Early Social and Emotional Development

Moral Development

Families and Peers

Gender-Role Development and Sex Differences

Filters

Exam 13: Development of the Self

How do children learn to accurately judge their self-efficacy?

There is evidence to suggest that infants' sense of personal agency is enhanced by

Being able to remember information that is relevant to you is better explained by which theoretical model?

Before Megan began doing her homework, she hid a candy bar that she had promised herself as a reward for finishing her homework. Megan

Children's self-descriptions begin to include references to emotions during

Studies show that people can recall words and events that they can apply to themselves better than they can recall descriptors that do not seem to relate to them. This finding supports the existence of

One way for parents to positively influence their children's academic self-concept is for parents to

The changes in self-regulation observed during the early years reflect the important development that

Older children asked to engage in task-relevant self-statements show

Which alternative is the clearest evidence of self-recognition in infants?

Young children asked to produce verbal self-instruction while resisting taking a peek at a collection of toys

Infants who react most strongly to vaccinations at 6 months of age are

The questionnaire version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to

In his research on children's awareness of self, Selman was most interested in

Describe Selman's model of children's awareness of self.

Which of the following is more characteristic of a Japanese mother than of a Canadian or American mother?

Children's academic self-concept

Children are able to describe themselves as a boy or a girl by around age

The competence view of the self holds that our level of self-esteem results from a combination of what we would like to achieve and

Background and Theories

Research Methods

Genetics: The Biological Context of Development

Prenatal Development

Physical Development: Birth, Motor Skills, and Growth

Neural and Brain Development

Language Development

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches

Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach

Intelligence and Schooling

Early Social and Emotional Development

Moral Development

Families and Peers

Gender-Role Development and Sex Differences

Filters