Deck 11: An Overview of Juvenile Justice in America

Question 1

Which of the following was a legal catalyst for the creation of the Juvenile Court Act?

A) In re Gault
B) parens patriae
C) The Child Savers
D) Voices of Delinquency

Answer 1

parens patriae

Question 2

What does the parens patriae philosophy of juvenile court charge that the court must do in regard to juvenile offenders?

A) separate them from their peers
B) punish their sins
C) provide treatment
D) initiate victim restitution

Answer 2

provide treatment

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the instructions given to parolees upon leaving the institution as ordered by the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?

A) report to a guardian on arrival
B) provide the local police with a home address
C) immediately write to the superintendent
D) report to the guardian on the first of each month

Answer 3

provide the local police with a home address

Question 4

Who is considered the "father of probation"?

A) Zebulon Brockway
B) Alexander Maconochie
C) Anthony Platt
D) John Augustus

Question 5

Which of the following is linked to the origins of residential programs?

A) the Rockefeller Home for Juveniles
B) Highfields Project
C) Elmira Reformatory
D) New York Juvenile Center

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the common agreements among experts who believe that primary prevention is better than later means of delinquency control?

A) High-risk behaviors are interrelated.
B) Continuity of efforts is secondary as one-shot efforts produce lasting effects.
C) The focus of prevention should be on changing institutions rather than on changing individuals.
D) The timing of interventions is critical in achieving a successful outcome.

Question 7

The main characteristic of diversion initiated by the courts or police is that ________, and youths who fail to respond to such a program usually will be returned to the juvenile court for continued processing within the system.

A) they limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.
B) they make training schools safer and more humane.
C) the justice subsystems retain control over youthful offenders.
D) they divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

Question 8

Dispositional alternatives for youthful offenders that exist outside of the formal juvenile justice system are called ________.

A) half-way houses
B) the cottage system
C) probation
D) diversion programs

Question 9

Which of the following refers to the juvenile justice programs in which youths are sentenced by their peers?

A) training schools
B) cottage system
C) residential programs
D) teen courts

Question 10

Which case processing model allows youth attorneys to present the case to a panel of three youth judges, who decide the appropriate disposition for the dependent?

A) adult judge
B) peer jury
C) youth judge
D) tribunal

Question 11

Which of the following authorizes the U.S. attorney general to make grants to various agencies to establish drug courts?

A) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
B) National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups
C) Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
D) Juvenile Court Act

Question 12

Which of the following is the most widely used judicial disposition?

A) probation
B) confinement
C) parole
D) aftercare

Question 13

Which of the following takes place when a juvenile has been found delinquent in the adjudicatory stage?

A) revocation
B) judicial waiver
C) disposition hearing
D) statutory exclusion

Question 14

Which is a correctional model whose goal is to change an offender's character, attitudes, or behavior so as to diminish his or her delinquent propensities?

A) justice model
B) rehabilitation model
C) crime control model
D) balanced and restorative model

Question 15

Where are juveniles commonly sent to determine proper institutional placement, especially in states that have several juvenile facilities?

A) mental health clinics
B) youth service bureaus
C) shelter homes
D) diagnostic centers

Question 16

Which of the following refers to the stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the youth's plea, the presentation of evidence, the cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations can be sustained?

A) dispositional hearing
B) petition
C) adjudicatory hearing
D) aftercare

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT among the changes advocated by the proponents of the justice model?

A) Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.
B) Make training schools safer and more humane.
C) The justice subsystems retain control over youthful offenders.
D) Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

Question 18

Which model of juvenile justice seeks to reconcile the interests of victims, offenders, and the community through programs and supervision practices?

A) balanced and restorative model
B) crime control model
C) rehabilitative model
D) justice model

Question 19

What is the pivotal philosophical underpinning of the justice model that holds that juvenile offenders deserve to be punished in proportion to the seriousness of the offense?

A) just deserts
B) recidivism
C) guided group interaction
D) behavioral therapy

Question 20

Which of the following persons is most likely to make the decision whether a juvenile should remain in the community or be placed in a shelter or detention facility?

A) legal guardian
B) intake officer
C) parents
D) police officer

Question 21

What is the main purpose of sentencing in the crime control model?

A) change in behavior or attitude
B) rehabilitation of criminals
C) restoration of law and order
D) fairness for victims in the system

Question 22

Community protection is associated with which correctional model?

A) treatment model
B) balanced and restorative model
C) justice model
D) crime control model

Question 23

Which treatment program is designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight into problems, with the goal of symptoms relief, change in behavior, and personality growth?

A) behavioral therapy
B) psychiatric therapy
C) insight-based therapy
D) cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 24

What is the conclusion drawn by Janet Lauritsen about the racial and ethnic differences in juvenile offending?

A) Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.
B) Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.
C) American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.
D) The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

Question 25

Which of the following is a positive change happening in juvenile justice today that is likely to continue in the future?

A) sparing use of evidence-based practices
B) expansion of restorative justice
C) zero-dependency on technology
D) drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

Question 26

Many observers suggest young children are too immature to form the mental "evilness"required to plan and commit certain acts of violence and therefore deserve compassion if arrested and processed by the juvenile justice system.

Question 27

The children of the poor were a particular problem to the child savers because the juvenile court emerged in the wake of unprecedented industrial and urban development in the United States.

Question 28

Youth courts usually handle first-time offenders who are charged with offenses such as theft, misdemeanor assault, disorderly conduct, and possession of alcohol.

Question 29

In youth court, it is not necessary for the offender to acknowledge guilt.

Question 30

Dispositional alternatives for youthful offenders that exist outside of the formal juvenile justice system are called diversion programs.

Question 31

One of the most negative characteristics of the diversion system is widening the net of juvenile justice by increasing the number of youths under the control of the system.

Question 32

The parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile court charges the court with treating rather than punishing youngsters appearing before juvenile judges.

Question 33

Though there are a variety of agents that can be authorized to refer juveniles to court, it is probably more common for police to refer them to court.

Question 34

Juveniles are commonly transferred to adult court after they have been adjudicated as delinquent by the juvenile court for committing the same offense.

Question 35

The "just deserts"philosophy argues that offenders should NOT be punished and deserve to be treated leniently as their behaviors are not their fault.

Question 36

According to juvenile terminology, a juvenile that is said to be arrested has actually been taken into custody and not arrested.

Question 37

The graduated system offers intermediate sanctions within the community both for first-time nonviolent offenders and for more serious offenders.

Question 38

Rates of juvenile homicide are lower for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

Question 39

From the grassroots level to local and state headquarters, restorative justice is rapidly gaining momentum within the United States.

Question 40

The most positive characteristic of diversion programs is that they minimize the penetration of youthful offenders into the justice system.

Question 41

The ________ justice system is responsible for controlling and correcting the behavior of law-violating juveniles.

Question 42

The child ________ were an organized group of progressive social reformers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who promoted numerous laws aimed at protecting children and institutionalizing an idealized image of childhood innocence.

Question 43

Youth courts are used as a sentencing option for first-time offenders ages 11 to 17 years old who are charged with ________ misdemeanor offenses.

Question 44

An integrative correctional model that seeks to reconcile the interests of victims, offenders, and the community through programs and supervised practices is known as a balanced and ________ model.

Question 45

The juvenile justice system is made up of three basic ________.

Question 46

Juvenile ________ is the most widely used judicial disposition in the United States.

Question 47

________ programs are conducted for the rehabilitation of youthful offenders within community-based and institutional settings.

Question 48

In re Gault is interpreted to guarantee to juveniles the right to representation by ________, freedom from self-incrimination, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.

Question 49

The stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the childʹs plea, presentation of evidence by the prosecution and defense, cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained is known as a(n) ________ hearing.

Question 50

The ________ model is more concerned that juvenile delinquents receive therapy than institutionalizing them.

Question 51

The ________ system combines youth discipline with humane, reasonable, and appropriate sanctions.

Question 52

The Coalition for Juvenile Justice brought national attention to the problem of ________ minority confinement in its 1988 annual report to Congress.

Question 53

Rather than rely on traditional methods of security and control, the correctional system is now entering a new phase of ________.

Question 54

Victim-offender conferencing (sometimes called mediation) is the oldest and most widely used expression of ________ justice, with more than 1,300 programs in 18 countries.

Question 55

Match each stage of delinquency case processing with its description.

-Adjudicatory Hearing

A) A document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile or asking that an alleged delinquent be waived to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
B) The stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the youth's plea, the presentation of evidence by the prosecution and by the defense, the cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained.
C) The stage of the juvenile court proceedings in which the juvenile judge decides the most appropriate placement for a juvenile who has been adjudicated a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent child.
D) The temporary restraint of a juvenile in a secure facility, usually because he or she is acknowledged to be dangerous either to him- or herself or to others.

Question 56

Match each stage of delinquency case processing with its description.

-Dispositional hearing

A) A document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile or asking that an alleged delinquent be waived to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
B) The stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the youth's plea, the presentation of evidence by the prosecution and by the defense, the cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained.
C) The stage of the juvenile court proceedings in which the juvenile judge decides the most appropriate placement for a juvenile who has been adjudicated a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent child.
D) The temporary restraint of a juvenile in a secure facility, usually because he or she is acknowledged to be dangerous either to him- or herself or to others.

Question 57

Match each stage of delinquency case processing with its description.

-Petition

A) A document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile or asking that an alleged delinquent be waived to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
B) The stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the youth's plea, the presentation of evidence by the prosecution and by the defense, the cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained.
C) The stage of the juvenile court proceedings in which the juvenile judge decides the most appropriate placement for a juvenile who has been adjudicated a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent child.
D) The temporary restraint of a juvenile in a secure facility, usually because he or she is acknowledged to be dangerous either to him- or herself or to others.

Question 58

Match each stage of delinquency case processing with its description.

-Detention

A) A document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile or asking that an alleged delinquent be waived to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
B) The stage of juvenile court proceedings that usually includes the youth's plea, the presentation of evidence by the prosecution and by the defense, the cross-examination of witnesses, and a finding by the judge as to whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained.
C) The stage of the juvenile court proceedings in which the juvenile judge decides the most appropriate placement for a juvenile who has been adjudicated a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent child.
D) The temporary restraint of a juvenile in a secure facility, usually because he or she is acknowledged to be dangerous either to him- or herself or to others.

Question 59

Match each therapeutic method used in juvenile facilities with its description.

-Insight-based therapy

A) A treatment modality based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff can. It is the most widely used treatment modality in juvenile corrections.
B) Therapy based on the assumption that the foundations for criminal behavior are dysfunctional patterns of thinking.
C) Treatment designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight into problems, with the goal of symptoms relief, change in behavior, and personality growth
D) A technique in which rewards and punishments are used to change a person's behavior.

Question 60

Match each therapeutic method used in juvenile facilities with its description.

-Behavioral modification

A) A treatment modality based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff can. It is the most widely used treatment modality in juvenile corrections.
B) Therapy based on the assumption that the foundations for criminal behavior are dysfunctional patterns of thinking.
C) Treatment designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight into problems, with the goal of symptoms relief, change in behavior, and personality growth
D) A technique in which rewards and punishments are used to change a person's behavior.

Question 61

Match each therapeutic method used in juvenile facilities with its description.

-Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A) A treatment modality based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff can. It is the most widely used treatment modality in juvenile corrections.
B) Therapy based on the assumption that the foundations for criminal behavior are dysfunctional patterns of thinking.
C) Treatment designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight into problems, with the goal of symptoms relief, change in behavior, and personality growth
D) A technique in which rewards and punishments are used to change a person's behavior.

Question 62

Match each therapeutic method used in juvenile facilities with its description.

-Guided Group Interaction

A) A treatment modality based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff can. It is the most widely used treatment modality in juvenile corrections.
B) Therapy based on the assumption that the foundations for criminal behavior are dysfunctional patterns of thinking.
C) Treatment designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight into problems, with the goal of symptoms relief, change in behavior, and personality growth
D) A technique in which rewards and punishments are used to change a person's behavior.

Question 63

Match each correctional model of juvenile facilities with its description.

-Rehabilitation Model

A) A correctional model's goal is to change an offender's character, attitudes, or behavior so as to diminish his or her delinquent propensities. The medical, adjustment, and reintegration models are variants of this model because they are all committed to changing the offender.
B) A contemporary model of imprisonment based on the principle of just deserts.
C) An integrative correctional model that seeks to reconcile the interests of victims, offenders, and communities through programs and supervision practices.

Question 64

Match each correctional model of juvenile facilities with its description.

-Justice Model

A) A correctional model's goal is to change an offender's character, attitudes, or behavior so as to diminish his or her delinquent propensities. The medical, adjustment, and reintegration models are variants of this model because they are all committed to changing the offender.
B) A contemporary model of imprisonment based on the principle of just deserts.
C) An integrative correctional model that seeks to reconcile the interests of victims, offenders, and communities through programs and supervision practices.

Question 65

Match each correctional model of juvenile facilities with its description.

-Balanced and Restorative Justice Model

A) A correctional model's goal is to change an offender's character, attitudes, or behavior so as to diminish his or her delinquent propensities. The medical, adjustment, and reintegration models are variants of this model because they are all committed to changing the offender.
B) A contemporary model of imprisonment based on the principle of just deserts.
C) An integrative correctional model that seeks to reconcile the interests of victims, offenders, and communities through programs and supervision practices.

Question 66

Explain how community-based corrections for juveniles develop.

Question 67

Explain how the youth courts work in America.

Question 68

Explain the four basic correctional models that have traditionally been applied to the juvenile justice system.

Question 69

Explain the graduated sanctions in juvenile justice.

Question 70

What are the trends for the future in juvenile justice?

Question 71

The juvenile justice system has devised four ways to deal with delinquency: the rehabilitation model, the justice model, the balanced and restorative justice model, and the crime-control model. Which model do you think is best to deal with delinquency? Please explain your choice.

Question 72

What does the term "disproportionate minority confinement"mean? What can be done about this issue? Please explain.