Deck 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

During the formal operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, the adolescent will start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deduce explanations for specific situations in which he or she sees that particular outcome. This process is known as __________ reasoning.

A) formal
B) hypothetico-deductive
C) propositional
D) inductive

Answer 1

hypothetico-deductive

Question 2

One criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory is the culmination of thinking with the formal operational stage. Instead it has been proposed that flexible thinking, not based only on pure logic, emerges during early adulthood. This thinking reflects the fact that reasons behind events in the real world are subtle and is referred to as __________ thinking.

A) postlogic
B) inductive
C) postformal
D) postductive

Answer 2

postformal

Question 3

Lulu was thrilled to learn that the results show for a televised singing competition would start 30 minutes later than usual, which accommodated her practice schedule. Clearly, the show producers were not aware of Lulu's schedule, although she doesn't see it that way. Lulu's self-absorption is an example of __________.

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) the imaginary audience
C) personal fables
D) metacognition

Answer 3

adolescent egocentrism

Question 4

Catherine could not believe that her mother insisted that she go into the grocery store with her. "My hair is dirty!" Catherine protested. The fact that Catherine is concerned that everyone in the store will be looking at her and noticing her dirty hair is an example of __________.

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) the imaginary audience
C) personal fables
D) metacognition

Question 5

A child who is at the __________ level of Kohlberg's theory believes that people follow rigid rules based on punishments and rewards.

A) preconventional morality
B) conventional morality
C) orientation toward individual
D) goodness as self-sacrifice

Question 6

Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan present theories of moral development that differ in that Kohlberg's theory focuses on __________, whereas Gilligan's theory focuses on __________.

A) punishment; rewards
B) survival; self-sacrifice
C) justice; relationships
D) caring; fairness

Question 7

High school dropouts earn __________ percent less than high school graduates earn.

A) 12
B) 22
C) 32
D) 42

Question 8

Even though Marvin had changed his major several times during his college years, he spent the summer doing an internship in an investment firm and felt more confident about his career choice. Marvin is most likely in the __________ period of Ginzberg's stages of choosing a career.

A) social
B) fantasy
C) tentative
D) realistic

Question 9

Researcher John Holland was interested in studying individuals and the careers they selected. According to his six personality types, __________ individuals prefer highly structured tasks.

A) realistic
B) social
C) conventional
D) enterprising

Question 10

Career choice, attitudes, and behaviors on the job are influenced by gender. Traditionally, women have been associated with __________ professions, which tend to be lower paid; and men with __________ professions, which pay better.

A) pink collar; blue collar
B) staff; management
C) communal; agentic
D) helping; serving

Question 11

Piaget decided that adolescents in the formal operational stage use __________, in which they start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deduce explanations for specific situations in which they see that particular outcome.

A) metacognition
B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C) propositional thought
D) inductive reasoning

Question 12

Ninth grader Maricella became interested in genetics for the first time while reading about dinosaurs in the book Jurassic Park. She then asked her teacher whether she could write about what it would be like if someone genetically reproduced some kind of super-dinosaur by accident. This subject would have been too abstract for her just two years before. According to Piaget, this shows that Maricella had reached the __________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 13

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage, adolescents employ __________, which is reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples.

A) metacognition
B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C) propositional thought
D) egocentrism

Question 14

According to Piaget, it is not until adolescents are around __________ years old that they are fully settled in the formal operational stage.

A) 13
B) 14
C) 15
D) 16

Question 15

Most studies show that only __________ to __________ percent of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking completely.

A) 5; 10
B) 10; 20
C) 20; 40
D) 40; 60

Question 16

People who live in isolated, scientifically unsophisticated societies and who have little formal education are less likely to perform at the formal operational level than formally educated persons living in more technologically sophisticated societies. This is an example of __________ influences on the formal operations of adolescents.

A) biological
B) external
C) cultural
D) logical

Question 17

Adolescents' increased __________ abilities may lead them to question their parents and other authority figures far more strenuously, and may make adolescents impatient with imperfections in institutions such as schools and the government.

A) propositional
B) egocentric
C) deductive
D) abstract reasoning

Question 18

According to developmental psychologist Giesela Labouvie-Vief, the complexity of society requires thought that is not necessarily based on pure logic but is instead a kind of thinking that is flexible, allows for interpretive processes, and reflects the fact that reasons behind events in the real world are subtle. Labouvie-Vief calls this __________ thinking.

A) postformal
B) preformal
C) formal
D) internalized

Question 19

Critics of Piaget's theory contend that __________.

A) he overestimated children's abilities
B) his theory is better at describing behavior at a given stage than at explaining why the shift from one stage to the next occurs
C) he had a broad view of what is meant by thinking and knowing
D) his theory should have included only two stages

Question 20

Which is an accurate statement about the effect of video games on cognitive ability?

A) Some video games lead to improvements in spatial skills.
B) Video games are harmful, and there are no benefits of playing them.
C) Shooter video games are especially detrimental to cognitive growth and should be banned.
D) Video games may cause small improvements in cognitive abilities, but these effects are short-lived.

Question 21

A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view is called __________.

A) the personal fable
B) the imaginary audience
C) adolescent metacognition
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 22

Marsha is always complaining that her parents and teachers cannot relate to her and consistently points out faults in others, especially those in authority positions. Marsha is likely dealing with __________.

A) personal fables
B) an imaginary audience
C) adolescent metacognition
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 23

Fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as adolescents do are called __________.

A) personal fables
B) the imaginary audience
C) invincibility fables
D) egocentric adolescents

Question 24

Ricardo is a 16-year-old who recently survived a terrible car wreck with his father, who also survived. However, Ricardo was badly injured with a small but deep cut in his cheek that he had to have stitches in. Because of this, he does not want to go to play in the district golf match he has worked hard for all year because he is worried everyone will be looking at his injury. Ricardo's emphasis on imagining what others would be thinking about his face and stitches is an example of his __________.

A) personal fable
B) an imaginary audience
C) adolescent metacognition
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 25

Some adolescents construct __________, in which they feel invulnerable to the risks that threaten others.

A) egocentric audiences
B) imaginary audiences
C) invincibility fables
D) metacognition

Question 26

Tonja is a sexually active teenager who thinks that there is no need to use a condom during sex because in her __________ she constructs pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS as only happening to someone else, not herself.

A) invincibility fable
B) imaginary audience
C) adolescent metacognition
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 27

At times, adolescent egocentrism leads to feelings of stupidity, such as when a student gives a wrong answer to an easy question. This is known as __________.

A) pseudostupidity.
B) metacognition.
C) personal stupidity.
D) invincibility.

Question 28

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people's responses to moral dilemma scenarios reveal the stage of __________ development they have attained and yield information about their general level of __________ development.

A) moral; cognitive
B) moral; emotional
C) formal operational; cognitive
D) formal operational; emotional

Question 29

Kohlberg's sequence of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels and __________ stages.

A) six; three
B) three; six
C) four; two
D) two; four

Question 30

A person who would not steal something out of fear of going to jail, even if it meant saving someone else's life, is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) orientation toward individual survival

Question 31

A person who is faced with stealing something that will save someone else's life, and who decides either against stealing due to guilt or in favor of stealing because he or she would be unable to face others if he or she did nothing, is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) orientation toward individual survival

Question 32

A person who is faced with stealing something that will save someone else's life and who bases his or her decision on a universal moral principle that is broader than the rules of the particular society in which he or she lives in order to live up to his or her own moral principle is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) orientation toward individual survival

Question 33

One of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it is based solely on observations of __________.

A) girls
B) adults
C) members of Western cultures
D) members of non-Western cultures

Question 34

Researcher Carol Gilligan has suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view __________ development. Boys view it in terms of broad principles such as justice or fairness whereas girls see it in terms of responsibility toward individuals.

A) social
B) emotional
C) moral
D) cognitive

Question 35

Gilligan proposed that __________ is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women that it is for men.

A) justice
B) punishment
C) approval of others
D) compassion for individuals

Question 36

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which females first concentrate on what is practical and best for them, gradually making a transition from selfishness to responsibility, and in which they think about what would be best for others is called __________.

A) orientation toward individual survival
B) goodness as self-sacrifice
C) goodness to truth
D) morality of nonviolence

Question 37

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which females begin to think that they must sacrifice their own wishes for what other people want and then begin to take into account their own needs plus the needs of others is called __________.

A) orientation toward individual survival of particular relationships
B) goodness as self-sacrifice
C) goodness to truth
D) morality of nonviolence

Question 38

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which women come to see that hurting anyone is immoral-including hurting themselves-and which establishes a moral equivalence between themselves and others and represents the most sophisticated level of moral reasoning, is called __________.

A) orientation toward individual survival
B) goodness as self-sacrifice
C) goodness to truth
D) morality of nonviolence

Question 39

Rachel and Svetlana are playing tag on the school playground. After about 10 minutes, Rachel decides to play on the jungle gym, even though Svetlana begs her to keep playing tag. Rachel is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

A) justice
B) orientation toward individual survival
C) goodness as self-sacrifice
D) morality of nonviolence

Question 40

Kennedy and Emma are playing a board game. At one point, Emma declares that she wants to play a new game. Although Kennedy does not want to switch games, she agrees to play the new game with Emma. Kennedy is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

A) justice
B) orientation toward individual survival
C) goodness as self-sacrifice
D) morality of nonviolence

Question 41

Recent statistics reveal that nearly __________ percent of high school students in the United States do not graduate.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 42

Middle- and high-SES (socioeconomic status) students, on average, earn __________ grades, score __________ on standardized tests of achievement, and complete more years of schooling than students from lower-SES homes.

A) lower; lower
B) lower; higher
C) higher; lower
D) higher; higher

Question 43

Sixteen-year-old Jose lives in a government housing project with his mother, father, brother, and two sisters. He shares his room with his brother and attends the school in the low-SES (socioeconomic status) area of the city. Jose's home does not have a computer, and it has very few books. His mother does not speak English, and his father did not complete high school. Jose is likely to face __________ due to his environmental factors.

A) academic success
B) severe depression
C) academic failure
D) violent behaviors

Question 44

Data on school achievement indicates that, on average, __________ and __________ tend to score lower on standardized tests of achievement.

A) Caucasians; Hispanics
B) Asian Americans; Caucasians
C) African Americans; Asian Americans
D) African Americans; Hispanics

Question 45

African American and Hispanic students tend to perform at lower levels and receive lower grades. Because more African American and Hispanic families live in poverty, it may be that their __________ is reflected in their school performance.

A) ethnicity
B) intelligence
C) economic disadvantage
D) creativity

Question 46

Misha is the son of Persian immigrants who decides to become an American citizen. Anthropologist John Ogbu would argue that Misha is more likely to be __________ in school than someone who was brought into a new culture against his or her will.

A) failing
B) participating
C) successful
D) creative

Question 47

Students whose parents were subject to involuntary immigration may do __________ in school compared to children of the same ethnicity whose parents voluntarily relocated.

A) more work
B) worse
C) just as well
D) better

Question 48

What is one downside to working a job during high school?

A) schoolwork may suffer
B) increased extracurricular activities
C) sleep deprivation
D) loss of friends

Question 49

When the primary orientation is on part-time jobs, adolescents tend to __________.

A) do well in school
B) focus more on their jobs than on school
C) do equally as well in school as those without jobs
D) fail at both

Question 50

An unusually early entry into the workforce is known as __________.

A) pseudomaturity
B) formal stage development
C) the primary orientation model
D) postconventional reasoning

Question 51

Brian is a sophomore and works all of the hours his employer will let him. He is the first person in when called take an extra shift. At home there are many stressors, including a houseful of siblings and parents who are overworked and struggling to make ends meet. Brian may be experiencing __________.

A) burnout
B) pseudomaturity
C) egocentrism
D) societal prejudice

Question 52

Approximately __________ percent of recent high school graduates are enrolled in colleges and universities.

A) 50
B) 67
C) 85
D) 99

Question 53

Significantly more __________ than __________ started college after graduating from high school.

A) males; females
B) females; males
C) Whites; Asian Americans
D) African Americans; Whites

Question 54

Less than __________ percent of those who start college finish four years later with a degree.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 55

Recent statistics show that the dropout rate for __________ is 82 percent.

A) Native Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Whites

Question 56

Classes in education and the social sciences typically have a larger proportion of __________, and classes in engineering, the physical sciences, and mathematics tend to have more __________.

A) men than women; men than women
B) men than women; women than men
C) women than men; men than women
D) women than men; women than men

Question 57

When women in their first year of college are asked to name a likely career choice, they are __________ apt to choose careers that have traditionally been dominated by men.

A) increasingly more
B) just as
C) much less
D) not at all

Question 58

Professors may call on __________ in class more frequently than __________.

A) women; men
B) women; men.
C) men; women
D) men; women.

Question 59

Joann graduated from Texas Women's University as a pre-med or biology major. Her likely success as a graduate of a woman's college is __________ it is for graduates of coeducational institutions.

A) the same as
B) less than
C) more than
D) more dependent on her major than

Question 60

Rosie is struggling in her math and science courses. Rosie may have a lack of personal identification with these disciplines. Psychologist Claude Steel calls this__________.

A) gender identity.
B) academic identity.
C) academic disidentification.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 61

When women and other minority groups can be convinced that stereotypes are invalid, their performance tends to __________.

A) improve
B) worsen
C) remain stable
D) become highly variable

Question 62

According to Eli Ginzberg, the period when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities is called the __________ period.

A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) enterprising

Question 63

Fifteen-year-old Mica has decided to become an airplane pilot-despite the fact that he has severe asthma that will not allow him to breathe well in thin air at high altitudes. According to Ginzberg, Mica is in the __________ period of choosing his career.

A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) enterprising

Question 64

According to Eli Ginzberg, the period that spans adolescence in which people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them is called the __________ period.

A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) social

Question 65

Seventeen-year-old Michelle has always loved animals and has decided that she wants to become a veterinarian because she thinks that it would be a satisfying and rewarding career for her. According to Eli Ginzberg, Michelle is in the __________ of choosing her career.

A) fantasy period
B) tentative period
C) realistic period
D) adolescence

Question 66

According to Eli Ginzberg, the period in late adolescence and early adulthood during which people explore career options through job experience or training, narrow their choices, and eventually make a commitment to a career is called the __________ period.

A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) conventional

Question 67

Eighteen-year-old Aaron wants to become a doctor, so the summer between his senior year of high school and his first year at college, he decides to volunteer at a local hospital to gain some experience in working in a hospital setting. Eli Ginzberg would say that Aaron is in the __________period of choosing his career.

A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) enterprising

Question 68

According to researcher John Holland, there are __________ personality types that are important in career choice.

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 69

Barry is a 19-year-old college student who is a very abstract and analytical thinker. He stays to himself because he is not very good with people, but he is extremely mathematical and also excels at science. Researcher John Holland would say that Barry has a(n) __________ personality type.

A) enterprising
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) intellectual

Question 70

According to John Holland, someone associated with the __________ personality type has traits that are related to verbal skills and interpersonal relations. These people are good at working with people and consequently make good salespersons, teachers, and counselors.

A) enterprising
B) artistic
C) conventional
D) social

Question 71

Seventeen-year-old Elu is an active member of her school's debate team. She also is head of the school yearbook committee and is president of the student council. Elu is excited about leading the way for organizing this year's prom and is not afraid of taking risks. Researcher John Holland would say that Elu has a(n) __________ personality type.

A) enterprising
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) intellectual

Question 72

According to John Holland, people who use art to express themselves are __________, and they often prefer the world of art to interactions with people. These people are best suited to occupations involving art.

A) artistic
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) intellectual

Question 73

Twenty-year-old Nora can't remember a time when she didn't have a paintbrush in her hand. Painting is her favorite pastime, and it is also her major in college; she plans to find a career in painting. Researcher John Holland would say that Nora's personality type is __________.

A) artistic
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) intellectual

Question 74

Communal professions typically have __________ status and __________ salaries than agentic professions do.

A) lower; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; lower
D) higher; higher

Question 75

Which is an example of an agentic profession?

A) teacher
B) construction worker
C) nurse
D) social worker

Question 76

In households in which both partners work, __________ percent of women earn more than their husbands do.

A) 9
B) 29
C) 39
D) 50

Question 77

Provide an overview of Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Question 78

Describe two types of reasoning that take place during the formal operational stage, according to Piaget.

Question 79

What are the consequences of adolescents' use of formal operations?

Question 80

Summarize the major issues regarding Piaget's approach to cognitive development.