Exam 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Students whose parents were subject to involuntary immigration may do __________ in school compared to children of the same ethnicity whose parents voluntarily relocated.

An unusually early entry into the workforce is known as __________.

People who live in isolated, scientifically unsophisticated societies and who have little formal education are less likely to perform at the formal operational level than formally educated persons living in more technologically sophisticated societies. This is an example of __________ influences on the formal operations of adolescents.

Classes in education and the social sciences typically have a larger proportion of __________, and classes in engineering, the physical sciences, and mathematics tend to have more __________.

One of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it is based solely on observations of __________.

Career choice, attitudes, and behaviors on the job are influenced by gender. Traditionally, women have been associated with __________ professions, which tend to be lower paid; and men with __________ professions, which pay better.

Define communal professions and agentic professions, and provide one example of each.

Summarize the major issues regarding Piaget's approach to cognitive development.

Sixteen-year-old Jose lives in a government housing project with his mother, father, brother, and two sisters. He shares his room with his brother and attends the school in the low-SES (socioeconomic status) area of the city. Jose's home does not have a computer, and it has very few books. His mother does not speak English, and his father did not complete high school. Jose is likely to face __________ due to his environmental factors.

Kohlberg's sequence of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels and __________ stages.

According to researcher John Holland, there are __________ personality types that are important in career choice.

Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan present theories of moral development that differ in that Kohlberg's theory focuses on __________, whereas Gilligan's theory focuses on __________.

According to Eli Ginzberg, the period in late adolescence and early adulthood during which people explore career options through job experience or training, narrow their choices, and eventually make a commitment to a career is called the __________ period.

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which women come to see that hurting anyone is immoral-including hurting themselves-and which establishes a moral equivalence between themselves and others and represents the most sophisticated level of moral reasoning, is called __________.

One criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory is the culmination of thinking with the formal operational stage. Instead it has been proposed that flexible thinking, not based only on pure logic, emerges during early adulthood. This thinking reflects the fact that reasons behind events in the real world are subtle and is referred to as __________ thinking.

Researcher Carol Gilligan has suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view __________ development. Boys view it in terms of broad principles such as justice or fairness whereas girls see it in terms of responsibility toward individuals.

High school dropouts earn __________ percent less than high school graduates earn.

When women in their first year of college are asked to name a likely career choice, they are __________ apt to choose careers that have traditionally been dominated by men.

Less than __________ percent of those who start college finish four years later with a degree.

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which females begin to think that they must sacrifice their own wishes for what other people want and then begin to take into account their own needs plus the needs of others is called __________.