Deck 7: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

__________ is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system,including the police,courts,and prison.

A) Sociology
B) Ecology
C) Criminology
D) Ethnomethodology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists is an example of:

A) external social control
B) exterior social control
C) interior social control
D) internal social control

Answer 2

A

Question 3

People who think of themselves as __________ may wear black trench coats,paint their fingernails black,and listen to countercultural musicians.

A) "gang members"
B) "deviants"
C) "Goths"
D) "Mystics"

Answer 3

C

Question 4

__________ is any behavior,belief,or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

A) Deviance
B) Crime
C) Stigma
D) Violence

Question 5

According to functionalists,acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 6

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

A) innovation
B) conformity
C) rebellion
D) ritualism

Question 7

When individuals internalize societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives,this is referred to as __________ social control.

A) external
B) interior
C) exterior
D) internal

Question 8

New legislation being passed as a result of a criminal trial illustrates which function of deviance?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 9

Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors,such as rapid social change and the lack of social integration among people.As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreases,deviance and crime increases.

A) Robert Merton
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Walter Reckless
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 10

Deviant behavior varies in its ____________,ranging from mild
Transgressions of folkways,to more serious infringements of mores,to
Quite serious violations of the law.

A) degree of stigma
B) degree of criminality
C) degree of delinquency
D) degree of seriousness

Question 11

Suppose that a bully comes into town and the residents band together in order to oppose the threat.This illustrates which function of deviance?

A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance unites a group.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 12

A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university,where she completes her degree.She gets a good job,she marries,and starts planning for the future.This woman's behavior illustrates:

A) rebellion
B) innovation
C) conformity
D) rejection

Question 13

Societies also have various mechanisms to regulate people's behavior.__________ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms,rules,and laws and to discourage deviance.

A) Social retaliation
B) Social emphasis
C) Social control
D) Social deviance

Question 14

A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines,jail terms,and/or other negative sanctions.

A) stigma
B) deviant act
C) crime
D) cultural strain

Question 15

According to the functionalist perspective,deviance is universal because it serves all of the following important functions EXCEPT:

A) clarifying rules
B) preventing social chaos
C) promoting social change
D) uniting a group

Question 16

When people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through the approved means,__________ occurs.

A) rebellion
B) innovation
C) rejection
D) conformity

Question 17

In contemporary societies,the criminal justice system,which includes the police,the courts,and the prisons,is the primary mechanism of __________ social control.

A) external
B) interior
C) internal
D) exterior

Question 18

Typically sociologists and criminologists define a __________ as a group of people,usually young,who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.

A) traveling band
B) gang
C) criminal coalition
D) juvenile conspiracy

Question 19

According to sociologist Robert Merton's __________ theory,people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally-approved means of achieving those goals.The goals may be material possessions and money; the approved means may include an education and/or job.

A) opportunity
B) conflict
C) developmental
D) strain

Question 20

__________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

A) Juvenile delinquency
B) Truancy
C) Youthful misconduct
D) Crime

Question 21

Sociologists __________ suggested that for deviance to occur,people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures-circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

A) Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales
B) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C) Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell
D) Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

Question 22

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation,thus committing a trespassing violation.This person has engaged in:

A) retreatism
B) ritualism
C) rebellion
D) innovation

Question 23

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

A) rebellion
B) ritualism
C) retreatism
D) conformity

Question 24

Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin stated that __________ gangs are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones.As a result,the consumption of drugs is stressed,and addiction is prevalent.

A) retreatist
B) conflict
C) rebellist
D) criminal

Question 25

According to sociologist __________,people with economic and political power define as criminal any behavior that threatens their own interests.The powerful use law to control those who are without power.

A) Auguste Comte
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Karl Marx
D) Richard Quinney

Question 26

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them.

A) innovation
B) retreatism
C) conformity
D) ritualism

Question 27

From the __________,lower-income and minority women typically have fewer opportunities not only for education and good jobs,but also for "high end" criminal endeavors.

A) conservative feminist approach
B) Marxist (socialist) feminist approach
C) radical feminist approach
D) liberal feminist approach

Question 28

Power differentials are evident in how victims of crime are treated.When the victims are wealthy,white,and male,law enforcement officials are ___________ efforts to apprehend the perpetrator,as contrasted with cases in which the victims are poor,black,and female.

A) more likely to put forth more extensive
B) less likely to put forth less extensive
C) statistically to put forth the same
D) not likely to put forth any more

Question 29

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants.This illustrates:

A) innovation
B) retreatism
C) rebellion
D) ritualism

Question 30

According to research conducted by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin,__________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

A) conflict
B) retreatist
C) criminal
D) rebellist

Question 31

For young men who grow up in a __________,running drug houses and selling drugs on street corners make it possible for them to support themselves and their families as well as purchase material possessions to impress others.

A) conflict gang
B) rebellist gang
C) retreatist gang
D) criminal gang

Question 32

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

A) retreatism
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) ritualism

Question 33

The ___________ theory views deviance and crime as a function of the capitalist economic system.It is based on the assumption that the laws and the criminal justice system protect the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

A) functionalist
B) Marxist/critical
C) postmodern
D) feminist

Question 34

Based on their research,sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types.The __________ is devoted to theft,extortion,and other illegal means of securing an income.

A) retreatist gang
B) criminal gang
C) conflict gang
D) rebellist gang

Question 35

Research shows young,single,urban males are more likely to be perceived as members of ___________ and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

A) outcast groups
B) dangerous classes
C) the dregs of society
D) stigmatized groups

Question 36

The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace.

A) radical
B) liberal
C) Marxist (socialist)
D) conservative

Question 37

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education,but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft,drug dealing,and robbery.This illustrates:

A) deviance management
B) criminal careers
C) illegitimate opportunity structures
D) differential opportunity theory

Question 38

A bureaucrat pays so much attention to the rules that he loses sight of what the organization he works for is trying to accomplish.This illustrates:

A) innovation
B) retreatism
C) rebellion
D) ritualism

Question 39

Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness,courage,and similar qualities.

A) rebellist gangs
B) criminal gangs
C) conflict gangs
D) retreatist gangs

Question 40

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory,skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts reflect a pattern of:

A) rebellion
B) ritualism
C) retreatism
D) innovation

Question 41

Several stages may occur in the labeling process.__________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking.

A) Career
B) Secondary
C) Primary
D) Tertiary

Question 42

__________ deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.

A) Career
B) Primary
C) Tertiary
D) Secondary

Question 43

Many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control,a sense of responsibility,and resistance to diversions.

A) informal
B) external
C) outer
D) inner

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a component of sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory?

A) attachment to other people
B) commitment to conformity
C) involvement in conventional activities
D) willingness to rebel against authority

Question 45

Many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ such as supportive family and friends,reasonable social expectations,and supervision by others.

A) outer containments
B) internal containments
C) external containments
D) formal containments

Question 46

Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles.H.Cooley and George H.Mead,the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they,in turn,come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

A) strain
B) labeling
C) differential association
D) social control

Question 47

Instead of freeing women from their problems,prostitution institutionalizes women's dependence on men and results in a form of female sexual slavery.This reflects a __________ feminist approach.

A) liberal
B) radical
C) conservative
D) Marxist (socialist)

Question 48

Prostitution might be explained as a reflection of society's double standard,whereby it is acceptable for a man to pay for sex but unacceptable for a woman to accept money for such services.This explanation reflects a __________ feminist approach.

A) liberal
B) radical
C) Marxist (socialist)
D) conservative

Question 49

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant.However,the person may decide to forgo such behavior in the future.This example illustrates what stage of deviance?

A) primary stage
B) career stage
C) secondary stage
D) tertiary stage

Question 50

The __________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.

A) differential association
B) differential reinforcement
C) social bonding
D) rational choice

Question 51

The __________ suggests that most people who commit crimes do not engage in random acts of antisocial behavior.Instead,they make careful decisions based on weighing the available information regarding situational factors (such as the place of the crime) and personal factors (such as what rewards they may gain from their criminal behavior).

A) labeling theory
B) differential association theory
C) rational choice theory
D) social bonding theory

Question 52

According to sociologist Walter Reckless' __________ theory,society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however,some people "insulate" themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion.

A) social bond
B) containment
C) illegitimate opportunity
D) differential association

Question 53

Sociologist Edwin Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently affiliate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

A) illegitimate opportunity
B) differential association
C) strain
D) status frustration

Question 54

According to sociologist Howard Becker,__________ are often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.Becker believes that these individuals use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to establish the rules by which they expect other people to live.

A) professional labelers
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) modern prophets
D) ethical brokers

Question 55

Sociologist Travis Hirschi's __________ theory holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.

A) social bond
B) containment
C) illegitimate opportunity
D) differential association

Question 56

A person who shoplifts an item of clothing from a department store is apprehended and labeled as a "thief," and subsequently accepts that label.Then the person shoplifts more items from stores on numerous occasions.This is an example of:

A) tertiary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) career deviance
D) primary deviance

Question 57

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory,which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory,suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

A) strain
B) illegitimate opportunity
C) differential reinforcement
D) social bonding

Question 58

The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy.From this approach,women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies.

A) liberal
B) radical
C) Marxist (socialist)
D) conservative

Question 59

A few people engage in __________ deviance,which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

A) career
B) primary
C) tertiary
D) secondary

Question 60

The __________ views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy (male domination over females).This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

A) radical feminist approach
B) conservative feminist approach
C) liberal feminist approach
D) Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

Question 61

A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death.

A) civil infraction
B) felony
C) tort
D) misdemeanor

Question 62

According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland,__________ crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

A) corporate
B) political
C) occupational (white-collar)
D) conventional (street)

Question 63

In a classic study of the "Saints and the Roughnecks," sociologist William Chambliss concluded that:

A) since both groups engaged in similar behavior, their members were equally stigmatized by deviant labels regardless of their class background
B) the Roughnecks were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more offenses than the Saints
C) although both groups engaged in similar behavior, only the Roughnecks-who came from lower?income families-were stigmatized by a deviant label
D) the Saints were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more offenses than the Roughnecks

Question 64

__________ crimes include burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime),motor vehicle theft,larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more),and arson.

A) Felony
B) Status
C) Property
D) Public order

Question 65

__________ crimes involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants.Many people assert that such conduct should not be labeled a crime; these offenses are often referred to as victimless crimes because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

A) Property
B) Public order
C) Violent
D) Organized

Question 66

All of the following crimes are considered to be felonies EXCEPT:

A) rape
B) homicide
C) aggravated assault
D) driving under the influence

Question 67

The __________ is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States.

A) Law Enforcement Administration Analysis
B) American Criminological Society Bulletin
C) Uniform Crime Report
D) U.S. Census Bureau Annual Report

Question 68

__________ crimes consist of actions of force or the threat of force against others,including murder,rape,robbery,and aggravated assault.These crimes are probably the most anxiety-provoking of all criminal behavior.

A) Organized
B) Morals
C) Violent
D) Property

Question 69

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

A) Organized
B) Political
C) Corporate
D) Occupational (white collar)

Question 70

All of the following are considered "victimless" crimes EXCEPT:

A) manslaughter
B) prostitution
C) illegal gambling
D) illegal pornography

Question 71

The Uniform Crime Report focuses on:

A) violent and property crimes
B) all crime reported and non-reported
C) sex crimes only
D) traffic violations

Question 72

From the __________ approach,institutions such as schools,prisons,and mental hospitals use knowledge,norms,and values to categorize people into "deviant" subgroups such as slow learners,convicted felons,or criminally insane individuals,and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) conflict theoretical
C) functional theoretical
D) postmodern theoretical

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an example of corporate crime?

A) antitrust violations
B) price fixing
C) drug trafficking
D) financial fraud

Question 74

__________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support.

A) Occupational (white-collar)
B) Corporate
C) Political
D) Conventional (street)

Question 75

In 2009,about ___________ million arrests were made in the United States for all criminal infractions (excluding traffic violations).

A) 5.8
B) 13.7
C) 33.9
D) 4.5

Question 76

John is a drug addict who believes that using marijuana or other illegal drugs is no more deviant than drinking alcoholic beverages and therefore should not be stigmatized.John would be in the ___________ of labeling.

A) tertiary stage
B) career stage
C) primary stage
D) secondary stage

Question 77

A __________ is a minor crime that typically is punished by less than one year in jail.

A) felony
B) misdemeanor
C) civil infraction
D) tort

Question 78

__________ crimes include robbery,burglary,larceny,motor vehicle theft,and arson.In most of these crimes,the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

A) Morals
B) Organized
C) Violent
D) Property

Question 79

The Uniform Crime Report gives _____________ of crime in the United States.

A) some indication
B) an accurate depiction
C) a skewed picture
D) no statistics

Question 80

Crimes such as rape,homicide,and aggravated assault are examples of:

A) differential association
B) misdemeanors
C) intermediates
D) felonies