Exam 7: Deviance and Crime

Compare the key components of sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association,criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory,and rational choice theory.

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Question 1

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All three of these theories represent the symbolic interactionist perspectives on deviance.According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland,people learn the necessary techniques and the motives,drives,rationalizations,and attitudes of deviant behavior from people with whom they associate.
Criminologist Ronald Aker has combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory,which suggests that both deviant behavior and
conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.
The rational choice theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.Rational choice approaches suggest that most people who commit crimes do not engage in random acts of antisocial behavior.Instead,they make careful decisions based on weighing the available information regarding situational factors,such as the place of the crime,suitable targets,and the availability of people to deter the behavior,and personal factors,such as what rewards they may gain from their criminal behavior.

From the __________ approach,institutions such as schools,prisons,and mental hospitals use knowledge,norms,and values to categorize people into "deviant" subgroups such as slow learners,convicted felons,or criminally insane individuals,and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.

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Question 2

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About __________ percent of criminal cases are never tried in courts; instead,they are resolved by plea bargaining,a process in which the prosecution negotiates a reduced sentence for the accused in exchange for a guilty plea.

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Question 3

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In contemporary societies,the criminal justice system,which includes the police,the courts,and the prisons,is the primary mechanism of __________ social control.

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Question 4

People who think of themselves as __________ may wear black trench coats,paint their fingernails black,and listen to countercultural musicians.

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Question 5

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education,but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft,drug dealing,and robbery.This illustrates:

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Question 6

____________ is the calculated,unlawful use of physical force or threats Of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a Government,organization,or individual for the purpose of gaining some Political,religious,economic,or social objective.

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Question 7

Explain why sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that deviance was functional for society.

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Question 8

__________ crimes consist of actions of force or the threat of force against others,including murder,rape,robbery,and aggravated assault.These crimes are probably the most anxiety-provoking of all criminal behavior.

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Question 9

All of the following crimes are considered to be felonies EXCEPT:

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Question 10

The ___________ theory views deviance and crime as a function of the capitalist economic system.It is based on the assumption that the laws and the criminal justice system protect the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

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Question 11

The Uniform Crime Report gives _____________ of crime in the United States.

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Question 12

All of the following are considered "victimless" crimes EXCEPT:

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Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a component of sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory?

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Question 14

A person who shoplifts an item of clothing from a department store is apprehended and labeled as a "thief," and subsequently accepts that label.Then the person shoplifts more items from stores on numerous occasions.This is an example of:

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Question 15

Of all factors associated with crime,the age of the offender is one of the most significant.Arrest rates for index crimes are highest for people between the ages of:

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Question 16

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them.

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Question 17

According to sociologist Walter Reckless' __________ theory,society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however,some people "insulate" themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion.

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Question 18

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

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Question 19

Differentiate between the major components of sociologist Walter Reckless' social control theory,sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory,and the labeling theory.

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 150

Compare the key components of sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association,criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory,and rational choice theory.

From the __________ approach,institutions such as schools,prisons,and mental hospitals use knowledge,norms,and values to categorize people into "deviant" subgroups such as slow learners,convicted felons,or criminally insane individuals,and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.

About __________ percent of criminal cases are never tried in courts; instead,they are resolved by plea bargaining,a process in which the prosecution negotiates a reduced sentence for the accused in exchange for a guilty plea.

In contemporary societies,the criminal justice system,which includes the police,the courts,and the prisons,is the primary mechanism of __________ social control.

People who think of themselves as __________ may wear black trench coats,paint their fingernails black,and listen to countercultural musicians.

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education,but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft,drug dealing,and robbery.This illustrates:

____________ is the calculated,unlawful use of physical force or threats Of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a Government,organization,or individual for the purpose of gaining some Political,religious,economic,or social objective.

Explain why sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that deviance was functional for society.

__________ crimes consist of actions of force or the threat of force against others,including murder,rape,robbery,and aggravated assault.These crimes are probably the most anxiety-provoking of all criminal behavior.

All of the following crimes are considered to be felonies EXCEPT:

The ___________ theory views deviance and crime as a function of the capitalist economic system.It is based on the assumption that the laws and the criminal justice system protect the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

The Uniform Crime Report gives _____________ of crime in the United States.

All of the following are considered "victimless" crimes EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT a component of sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory?

A person who shoplifts an item of clothing from a department store is apprehended and labeled as a "thief," and subsequently accepts that label.Then the person shoplifts more items from stores on numerous occasions.This is an example of:

Of all factors associated with crime,the age of the offender is one of the most significant.Arrest rates for index crimes are highest for people between the ages of:

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them.

According to sociologist Walter Reckless' __________ theory,society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however,some people "insulate" themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion.

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,_______ refers to when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

Differentiate between the major components of sociologist Walter Reckless' social control theory,sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory,and the labeling theory.

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