Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

What can we infer from comparing several methods of testing memory?​

A)Memory is like watching a video recording of the event.
B)​If you cannot remember something now, you won't remember it later, either.
C)​How well you remember something depends on how someone tests you.
D)​Each memory is stored in a different location in the cerebral cortex.

Answer 1

​How well you remember something depends on how someone tests you.

Question 2

​In Ebbinghaus's studies,who memorized nonsense syllables?

A)Ebbinghaus himself
B)​Students in his psychology course
C)​His wife and children
D)​Mental patients and prisoners

Answer 2

Ebbinghaus himself

Question 3

​In memory research,what does the savings method measure?

A)How rapidly you can remember something
B)​How rapidly you can relearn something apparently forgotten
C)​How long you can remember something before you forget it
D)​How many memories you can store within a short time

Answer 3

​How rapidly you can relearn something apparently forgotten

Question 4

​What did Ebbinghaus measure in his memory research?

A)Which brain areas are most active during memory recall
B)​What types of people memorize something most correctly
C)​How old children have to be before they show evidence of memory
D)​How long it takes to memorize a list

Question 5

​If you try to describe your high school graduation,you are engaged in which type of memory test?

A)Free recall
B)​Recognition
C)​Savings
D)​Implicit

Question 6

​What did Hermann Ebbinghaus contribute to the study of memory?

A)He was the first to map the brain areas responsible for memory.
B)​He devised the first mnemonic devices.
C)​He used hypnosis to reveal lost memories.
D)​He conducted the first experiments to measure memory.

Question 7

Someone shows you photos of famous scientists and asks you to name them.This is which type of memory test?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings 

Question 8

​You cannot remember the Spanish you studied in elementary school.Nevertheless,you learn it in college faster than those who never studied it before.You demonstrated memory by what method?

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 9

Suppose you try to remember all the presidents of the United States,but to help,someone provides all their first and last initials.What type of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 10

​Which kind of memory test are you taking right now?

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings 

Question 11

After you witness a crime,the police show you photographs and ask whether any of them was the culprit.They are checking your memory by which method?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 12

Because you are having trouble remembering the name of your lab instructor,you scan a list of all the instructors in the department,hoping it will remind you.What type of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 13

Suppose your final exam is just one essay question: "Describe everything you learned in this course!" What type of memory test is that?​

A)Free recall
B)​Recognition
C)​Savings
D)​Implicit

Question 14

Your geography professor gives you a list of the countries of Africa and asks for the capital of each,but provides the first letter of each capital.What kind of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 15

In Ebbinghaus's research,what was the advantage of using nonsense syllables?​

A)Computers can easily generate long lists of nonsense syllables.
B)​It is easy to motivate people to memorize a list of nonsense syllables.
C)​Nonsense syllables do not generate proactive interference.
D)​It is possible to know exactly when someone first learned a list.

Question 16

What kind of material did Ebbinghaus use in his studies of memory?​

A)Recollections from childhood
B)​Songs
C)​Bible verses
D)​Nonsense syllables

Question 17

Suppose you try to remember everything you did last summer.What type of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Recognition
C)​Savings
D)​Implicit

Question 18

​When Ebbinghaus studied memory,how did he assure that the materials were unfamiliar?

A)He used lists of foreign words.
B)​He used lists of nonsense syllables.
C)​He used facts from ancient history.
D)​He used details from books he had not read.

Question 19

Your physician gives you a list of medicines and asks you to check the ones that you have taken.What kind of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 20

​What did later memory researchers learn that Ebbinghaus did not know?

A)People can memorize material that is meaningless.
B)​Long lists are harder to memorize than short lists.
C)​It is possible to measure memory quantitatively.
D)​We have more than one type of memory.

Question 21

When you demonstrate how to hit a golf ball,what type of memory do you display?​

A)State dependent
B)​Episodic
C)​Semantic
D)​Procedural

Question 22

Two people nearby discuss national parks,but you pay no attention to them.Nevertheless,you soon start talking about national parks yourself.What kind of memory are you displaying?​

A)Episodic
B)​Semantic
C)​Declarative
D)​Implicit

Question 23

If overhearing a word primes you to say it yourself,what type of memory has occurred?​

A)Declarative
B)​Implicit
C)​Semantic
D)​Episodic

Question 24

When you gradually learn that a certain pattern of wind and cloud means that you need an umbrella,which type of memory is this?​

A)Declarative memory or explicit learning
B)​Semantic memory or classical conditioning
C)​Episodic memory or mnemonic learning
D)​Procedural memory or habit learning

Question 25

You read a list of words including "artichoke." A few minutes later,when someone asks you to list some foods,you include "artichoke." What type of memory are you displaying?​

A)Implicit memory
B)​Episodic memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Declarative memory

Question 26

​What is unusual about implicit memories?

A)You can show implicit memory without realizing it.
B)​Implicit memory does not require brain activity.
C)​Implicit memory becomes stronger and stronger after a delay.
D)​Implicit memory describes an event that did not actually occur.

Question 27

Which of these is a feature of implicit memory?​

A)Implicit memory occurs only in conditions of intense concentration.
B)​Implicit memory gains strength as time passes.
C)​Implicit memory can influence you without your awareness.
D)​Implicit memory occurs only in humans, and mainly in adults.

Question 28

The savings method of testing memory is unusual in what way?​

A)It measures memories by direct recordings from the brain.
B)​It measures memories by observing subtle changes in facial expression.
C)​It can detect a weak memory that someone seemed to have forgotten.
D)​It is appropriate for use only with preschool children.

Question 29

In a police lineup,a witness sometimes picks the best available suspect,who may not be guilty.Why does that risk arise?​

A)Because a suspect lineup tests implicit memory
B)​Because a suspect lineup tests semantic memory
C)​Because a suspect lineup is a savings test
D)​Because a suspect lineup is a multiple-choice test

Question 30

Which of these is an example of procedural memory?​

A)Remembering how to ride a bicycle
B)​Remembering the price of the last bicycle you bought
C)​Remembering the first bicycle you had as a child
D)​Remembering the names of the parts of a bicycle

Question 31

Shortly after hearing a word,you become more likely to use that word yourself,even if you don't remember hearing it.What type of memory does this tendency demonstrate?​

A)Implicit memory
B)​Declarative memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 32

What is one way in which procedural memories differ from declarative memories?​

A)Procedural memories are verbal.
B)​Procedural memories develop slowly and gradually. 
C)​Procedural memories develop in adulthood.
D)​Procedural memories are quickly forgotten.

Question 33

A police lineup resembles a multiple-choice test in what way?​

A)Both are recognition tests of memory.
B)​Both are implicit tests of memory.
C)​Both are recall tests of memory.
D)​Both are tests of procedural memory.

Question 34

If you seem to have forgotten something completely,and you cannot even identify the correct answer from a list of choices,which method might nevertheless indicate some trace of memory?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 35

​A police lineup is which type of memory test?

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Implicit

Question 36

In which way do procedural memories most consistently differ from declarative memories?​

A)People can state their procedural memories in words.
B)​Procedural memories develop later in life.
C)​Procedural memories develop gradually.
D)​Procedural memories do not depend on brain activity.

Question 37

Which type of memory develops gradually over many experiences?​

A)Episodic memory
B)​Declarative memory
C)​Procedural memory
D)​Semantic memory

Question 38

Suppose someone tests whether people who have forgotten something can relearn it faster than people who had never learned it at all.Which type of memory test is this?​

A)Free recall
B)​Cued recall
C)​Recognition
D)​Savings

Question 39

​Shortly after you read a novel with complex sentence structure,your own writing includes more complex sentences than usual.In doing so,what type of memory do you demonstrate?

A)Episodic memory
B)​Semantic memory
C)​Implicit memory
D)​Declarative memory

Question 40

What does an implicit test of memory measure?​

A)Relative activity of several brain areas
B)​Recent experiences that people may not remember consciously
C)​Depth of processing
D)​People's ability to explain the meaning behind the events they remember

Question 41

Your memory of how you spent your time last Saturday is an example of what?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 42

​Why do many psychologists recommend that a police lineup should be done in sequence,with a yes or no answer to each,with no opportunity to go back?

A)It would encourage the witness to identify someone.
B)​It would speed up the lineup procedure.
C)​It would minimize the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person.
D)​It would help the police steer the witness toward the person they already suspect.

Question 43

What is good advice for someone interviewing a young child about possible child abuse?​

A)Ask specific questions such as "Did he touch you under your clothing?"
B)​Encourage the child to draw a picture as well as describing the event.
C)​Encourage the child to compare memories with other abused children.
D)​Encourage the child to act out what happened with a doll.

Question 44

The information-processing model compares memory to which of the following?​

A)A video camera
B)​A computer
C)​A telephone
D)​A map

Question 45

What procedure do psychologists recommend to reduce the probability that a witness will identify an incorrect person in a police lineup?​

A)Encourage the witness to identify someone.
B)​Identify to the witness the person the police most strongly suspect.
C)​Let the witness examine all suspects repeatedly before making a choice.
D)​Instruct the witness that the guilty person may or may not be in the lineup.

Question 46

Remembering your most recent visit to your cousins is what type of memory?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 47

​Which of these is an example of source amnesia?

A)"I forget where I read that a UFO landed in Canada."
B)​"I forget what I read is the current population of Canada."
C)​"I forget who is the prime minister of Canada."
D)​"I forget why the United States fought Canada in the War of 1812."

Question 48

Which of these would be BAD advice for interviewing a young child about possible child abuse?​

A)Ask simple, open-ended questions such as "Tell me what happened."
B)​Interview the child as soon as possible.
C)​Encourage the child to draw a picture of what happened.
D)​Encourage the child to act out the event with an anatomically detailed doll.

Question 49

What procedure do psychologists recommend to reduce the probability that a witness will identify an incorrect person in a police lineup?​

A)Encourage the witness to identify someone.
B)​Let the witness examine all suspects repeatedly before making a choice.
C)​Ask for a confidence level percentage instead of a definite yes or no.
D)​Identify to the witness the person the police most strongly suspect.

Question 50

Your memory of how to define some word is an example of what?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 51

​What procedure do psychologists recommend to reduce the probability that a witness will identify an incorrect person in a police lineup?

A)Encourage the witness to identify someone.
B)​Use a supervising officer who does not know which person the police suspect.
C)​Let the witness examine all suspects repeatedly before making a choice.
D)​Identify to the witness the person the police most strongly suspect.

Question 52

In general,how do episodic memories tend to differ from semantic memories?​

A)Episodic memories are more likely to remain strong after brain damage.
B)​Episodic memories relate more to procedures and skills than to information.
C)​Episodic memories are more often useful in everyday life.
D)​Episodic memories are more likely to fade over time.

Question 53

Remembering a fact or principle is which type of memory?​

A)Episodic
B)​Semantic
C)​Procedural
D)​Implicit

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?​

A)Remembering the most recent time you played tennis
B)​Remembering the rules for playing tennis
C)​Remembering the score of the tennis game you are playing right now
D)​Remembering the time you met a pro tennis player

Question 55

​What type of memory enables you to remember that H2O means water?

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 56

​Your memory of the names of the planets is an example of what?

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory
D)​Episodic memory

Question 57

What is good advice for someone interviewing a young child about possible child abuse?​

A)Ask specific questions such as "Did he touch you under your clothing?"
B)​Have a different interviewer talk with the child at a later time.
C)​Encourage the child to compare memories with other abused children.
D)​Encourage the child to act out what happened with a doll.

Question 58

​Which of these is an example of episodic memory?

A)Remembering the name of your high school 
B)​Remembering the names of your high school teachers
C)​Remembering how to get from your home to your high school
D)​Remembering the events of your high school graduation

Question 59

​What procedure do psychologists recommend to reduce the probability that a witness will identify an incorrect person in a police lineup?

A)Present the lineup sequentially, with no opportunity to reexamine a photo.
B)​Let the witness examine all suspects repeatedly before making a choice.
C)​Encourage the witness to identify someone.
D)​Identify to the witness the person the police most strongly suspect.

Question 60

Remembering the time you broke your leg is which kind of memory?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Implicit memory
C)​Semantic memory

Question 61

What risk arises from the phenomenon of source amnesia?​

A)You might forget something that you had promised to do.
B)​You might forget the details of something you read as an assignment.
C)​You might trust something you heard from an unreliable rumor.
D)​You might show up at the wrong time or place for an appointment.

Question 62

Several experiments showed that short-term memory fades rapidly unless it is rehearsed.What aspect of the original experiment increased the probability of forgetting?

A)People were memorizing meaningless material.
B)​The experiment was conducted before 8 a.m.
C)​The participants were inmates at a mental hospital.
D)​The laboratory room was full of distracting stimuli.

Question 63

"The magical number seven,plus or minus two" referred to the capacity of which of these?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Short-term memory
C)​Episodic memory
D)​Semantic memory

Question 64

​Several experiments showed that memory for a nonsense string like HOZDF fades within seconds unless it is rehearsed.Under what circumstance would you probably remember it better?

A)On the first trial of the experiment
B)​On the last trial of the experiment
C)​If you were surrounded by a group of people you know well
D)​If you were surrounded by a group of people you had never met

Question 65

How does "chunking" help your memory?​

A)It helps you convert memory into practical actions.
B)​It helps you recover memories you thought you had forgotten.
C)​It helps you form permanent connections in the cerebral cortex.
D)​It helps you store much information rapidly.

Question 66

​According to research from the 1950s,how much information can short-term memory hold?

A)Only one item at a time
B)​Two items at a time
C)​About seven items at a time
D)​A virtually unlimited amount of information

Question 67

Several experiments showed that short-term memory fades rapidly unless it is rehearsed.One possible explanation is decay.What is another likely explanation?      ​

A)Chunking
B)​Repression
C)​Confabulation
D)​Interference

Question 68

A student spent a year and a half practicing his ability to memorize sequences of numbers.By the end of the year,how had his memory changed-if at all?​

A)He had increased his ability to memorize numbers, letters, faces, or anything else.
B)​He had improved his ability to memorize numbers or letters, but not faces.
C)​He had improved his ability to memorize numbers, but not letters or faces.
D)​His ability to memorize had not changed in any way.

Question 69

Which of these is a difference between long-term memory and short-term memory?​

A)Long-term memory decays rapidly if it is not rehearsed.
B)​Long-term memory deals with skills instead of language.
C)​Long-term memory can store much more information.
D)​Long-term memory is not subject to proactive interference.

Question 70

Which of these is an example of source amnesia?​

A)Reading complicated information and then forgetting it
B)​Reading complicated information and remembering only the main point
C)​Reading false information and thinking you already knew that
D)​Reading false information and then forgetting it

Question 71

Short-term memory has which of the following characteristics?​

A)It can hold only a small amount of information.
B)​It lasts less than a second.
C)​It is synonymous with implicit memory.
D)​It is stored in the muscles, not the brain.

Question 72

Why is it difficult to determine the exact information capacity of short-term memory?​

A)The capacity of short-term memory is proportional to brain volume.
B)​We can trade accuracy for greater capacity.
C)​Short-term memory decays in less than a second.
D)​Short-term memory can hold a nearly infinite amount of information.

Question 73

​If you remember "MSTRDMCPNHGN" as "AMSTERDAM and COPENHAGEN,but without the vowels," you improve your memory by what?

A)Confabulation
B)​Chunking
C)​Procedural memory
D)​Hypermnesia

Question 74

To remember your shopping list,you group items as two vegetables,three fruits,and four things that start with "C." What strategy are you using?​

A)Procedural memory
B)​Free recall
C)​Chunking
D)​Repression

Question 75

When Peterson and Peterson demonstrated the decay of short-term memory over a delay,why did they ask people to count backward by threes during the delay?

A)To develop procedural memory
B)​To increase chunking
C)​To increase depth of processing
D)​To prevent rehearsal

Question 76

​How long and how well do most students remember a foreign language they studied in college?

A)They forget it almost completely within a year or two.
B)​They remember it many years later almost as well as on the day of graduation.
C)​They forget some of it within the first few years and then it remains fairly stable.
D)​They remember it well for the first few years and then it starts fading steadily.

Question 77

A student spent a year and a half practicing his ability to memorize sequences of numbers.By what means did he improve his ability?​

A)Proactive interference
B)​Chunking
C)​Procedural memory
D)​Confabulation

Question 78

Suppose you spent the next two years practicing your ability to memorize numbers.How would your short-term memory probably change,if at all?

A)Your memory ability would not change in any noticeable way.
B)​Proactive interference would prevent you from learning any more number sequences.
C)​You would learn to use chunking to store long sequences of numbers.
D)​You would increase the capacity of short-term memory for all types of information.

Question 79

​An experimenter reads many series of letters,such as TGWNR,and you try to recall each set later,without rehearsing during the delay.About how long would each memory probably last?

A)Less than a second
B)​A few seconds but less than 20
C)​More than 20 seconds but less than a minute
D)​Until you tried to remember a different set of letters

Question 80

​What is distinctive of long-term memory,compared to short-term memory?

A)It is limited to skill information that we cannot easily express in words.
B)​It has greater capacity to store information.
C)​It stores information in terms of sounds instead of meanings.
D)​Whenever it adds a new item it has to discard an older item.