Deck 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data

Question 1

What is the formula for a proportion?

A)p = f / N
B)p = N / f
C)p = (f / N)* 100
D)p = (f / 100)* N

Answer 1

p = f / N

Question 2

In a sample of 500 respondents,men account for 20% of all observations in the sample.What is the total number of females in the sample?

A)100
B)200
C)300
D)400

Answer 2

400

Question 3

In a sample of 100 people,57 completed only high school,23 went on to complete only some college,13 went on to complete a two-year or four-year college,and 7 went on to graduate school.What proportion of the sample does not have a two-year or four-year college degree?

A)0.07
B)0.13
C)0.80
D)0.87

Answer 3

0.80

Question 4

In a sample of 250 respondents,females account for three-fifths of all observations in the sample.What is the total number of males in the sample?

A)100
B)150
C)2/5
D)3/5

Question 5

A relative frequency obtained by dividing the frequency in each category by the total number of cases and multiplying by 100 is a

A)count.
B)frequency.
C)proportion.
D)percentage.

Question 6

A table showing the frequency at or below each category for a variable of interest is referred to as a

A)frequency distribution.
B)difference distribution.
C)cumulative frequency distribution.
D)cumulative difference distribution.

Question 7

About 13 percent of survey respondents in a sample reported that they do not attend religious services regularly.About what proportion of respondents did not attend religious services regularly?

A)13
B).13
C)87
D).87

Question 8

Which of the following is not a rate?

A)The number of female births per 1,000 women in ages from 25 to 29
B)The number of deaths to infants between the ages of 0 and 1 per 100,000 population
C)The number of violent crimes committed in urban U.S.cities in between 2005 and 2007
D)The number of second marriages per 100,000 adults of marriageable age

Question 9

What is the formula for a percentage?

A)p = f/N
B)p = N/f
C)p = (f/N)100
D)p = (N/f)100

Question 10

A graph showing the difference in frequencies or percentages among the categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable where the categories are displayed as rectangles of equal width with their height proportional to the frequency or percentage of the category is referred to as a

A)bar graph.
B)pie chart.
C)frequency polygon.
D)histogram.

Question 11

The sum of all frequencies in a frequency distribution should sum to

A)0.
B)1.
C)100.
D)N.

Question 12

The sum of all proportions in a frequency distribution should sum to

A)0.
B)1.
C)100.
D)N.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a proportion?

A)0.0
B)0.5
C)1.0
D)1.5

Question 14

Inspecting the title and checking the sources are basic principles of

A)studying for an exam.
B)reading a statistical table.
C)determining research question.
D)calculating a rate.

Question 15

A cumulative percentage distribution shows the

A)percentage at or above each category of the variable.
B)total number of cases in a population.
C)percentage at or below each category of the variable.
D)total frequency of all variables.

Question 16

A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among the categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable where the "pieces" add up to 100% of the total frequencies is referred to as a

A)bar graph.
B)pie chart.
C)frequency polygon.
D)histogram.

Question 17

When constructing a rate,the denominator refers to the

A)number of actual events or occurrences.
B)number of possible events or occurrence.
C)difference of number of actual events or occurrences from number of possible events or occurrence.
D)sum of number of actual events or occurrences from number of possible events or occurrence.

Question 18

A rate is usually expressed as a

A)count.
B)frequency.
C)multiple of the sample size.
D)multiple of some power of 10.

Question 19

A proportion is a

A)relative frequency obtained by dividing the total number of cases by the frequency in each category.
B)relative frequency obtained by dividing the frequency in each category by the total number of cases.
C)number representing the total number of cases in a population.
D)distribution showing the frequency at or below each category of the variable.

Question 20

A rate based on the total population is referred to as a(n)______ rate.

A)actual
B)determinant
C)whole
D)crude

Question 21

A graph showing the differences in the frequencies or percentages among the categories of an interval-ratio variable where points are used to represent the frequencies of each category and placed above the midpoint of the category and then joined by a straight line is referred to as a

A)bar graph.
B)pie chart.
C)line graph.
D)histogram.

Question 22

Which of the following graphic devices is NOT appropriate for interval-ratio level data?

A)Histogram
B)Frequency polygon
C)Time-series chart
D)Pie chart

Question 23

Which graphic device is best suited for comparing how an interval-ratio variable is distributed across two or more groups or time periods?

A)A histogram
B)A pie chart
C)A line graph
D)A time-series chart

Question 24

A survey of 3,055 respondents asked whether or not anyone had been widowed.Eighty persons responded "yes." What percentage of respondents have never been widowed?

A)2.69
B)80.00
C)97.31
D)2,975

Question 25

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 26

In a ______,the bars which represent the categories of a variable are spaced so that one bar is not directly next to another;whereas in a ______,the bars actually touch one another.

A)bar graph;histogram
B)histogram;bar graph
C)frequency polygon;bar graph
D)bar graph;frequency polygon

Question 27

Imagine one of your colleagues is constructing a histogram to graph results of the survey question "Which state do you live in?" What is the concern with your colleague's approach?

A)It is unlikely that the slices of the pie sum to 100%.
B)The colleague has used an inappropriate graphic device.
C)The colleague has not ensured that the frequencies at each time point sum to N.
D)The bars representing the categories are likely not as contiguous as they should be

Question 28

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 29

A survey of 3,055 respondents asked whether or not anyone had been widowed.Eighty persons responded "yes." Which of the following graphic devices would best display this information?

A)Time-series chart
B)Frequency distribution
C)Bar graph
D)Histogram

Question 30

A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among the categories of an interval-ratio variable where the categories are displayed as contiguous bars with width proportional to the width of the category and height proportional to the frequency or percentage of that category is called a

A)bar graph.
B)pie chart.
C)frequency polygon.
D)histogram.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT true about time-series charts?

A)Time,usually measured in months or years,is placed on the horizontal axis.
B)The height of the bars is proportional to the frequency or percentage of observations.
C)Frequencies or percentages are usually placed along the vertical axis.
D)The values across the various time points are joined by a line.

Question 32

Imagine one of your colleagues is constructing a histogram to graph results of data collected on respondent's occupational prestige score,a score which can take on any non-zero value.What should be your first response upon reviewing the work?

A)To note whether the "slices" of the pie sum to 100%
B)To suggest that he or she has in fact used an inappropriate graphic device
C)To ensure that the frequencies at each time point sum to N
D)To check whether the bars representing the categories are contiguous as they should be

Question 33

Which of the following graphic devices is most appropriate for displaying interval-ratio level data?

A)A histogram
B)A frequency polygon
C)A bar graph
D)A pie chart

Question 34

The most common distortions in graphical representations occur when the

A)data are wrong.
B)sources are not cited properly.
C)distance along one of the axes is altered.
D)device is inappropriately used.

Question 35

Imagine one of your colleagues is constructing a pie chart to graph results of the survey question "Which state do you live in?" What should be your first response upon reviewing their work?

A)To note whether the "slices" of the pie sum to 100%
B)To suggest that he or she has in fact used an inappropriate graphic device
C)To ensure that the frequencies at each time point sum to N
D)To check whether the bars representing the categories are contiguous as they should be

Question 36

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true about time-series charts?

A)Time,usually measured in months or years,is placed on the vertical axis.
B)The height of the bars is proportional to the frequency or percentage of observations.
C)Frequencies or percentages are usually placed along the vertical axis.
D)The changes in the variable must always increase over time.

Question 38

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 39

Imagine one of your colleagues is constructing a pie-chart to graph results of data collected on respondent's occupational prestige score,a score which can take on any non-zero value.What should be your first response upon reviewing the work?

A)To note whether the "slices" of the pie sum to 100%
B)To suggest that your colleague has used an inappropriate graphic device
C)To ensure that the frequencies at each time point sum to N
D)To check whether the bars representing the categories are contiguous as they should be

Question 40

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 41

According to this table,what percentage of respondents strongly agree or strongly disagree?

Question 42

Which graphic device would be most appropriate to display information about the following statement? "Undocumented migration from Mexico to the United States has increased each decade from the end of the Bracero Accord in 1964 through 2005."

Question 43

Consider the table below obtained from the U.S.Bureau of the Census,Statistical Abstract of the United States,2003.If the total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047,how many Blacks and Latinos are in the military reserve?

Question 44

Consider the information in the table below.Construct a pie chart for blacks in the sample.

Question 45

According to the table below,how many people do not disagree in some capacity or another?

Question 46

According to this table,what proportion of respondents neither agree nor disagree?

Question 47

What other type of graph could be used to display the information in the chart below?

Question 48

Presented below is a chart and a portion of the data for 550 respondents which were used to construct it.What is another type of graph that you can use to display this information? Construct this graph using the data below with the frequencies placed along the vertical axis.

Question 49

Construct either a bar chart or a histogram,depending on which is more appropriate in this case,for displaying the data presented in the table below.

Question 50

Using the following information from the U.S.Census Bureau,calculate both the number and percentage of non-Asian military reserve personnel.

The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.

Question 51

Using the following information from the U.S.Census Bureau,how many military reserve personnel are white,black,or Latino?

The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.

Question 52

Would a bar chart or a histogram be more appropriate for displaying the data presented in the table below? Why?

Question 53

Considering the information in the table below,what would happen to the percentage of respondents age 20 if we simply dropped all respondents who were first married at age 21 from the sample?

Question 54

Considering the information provided in the table below,do a higher percentage of whites or blacks have five or more children?

Question 55

Considering the information in the table below,what proportion of respondents were first married at the ages of 24 and 25?

Question 56

Explain how cumulative frequency distributions are obtained.What do they allow us to do?

Question 57

Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

Question 58

Construct a cumulative frequency distribution using the following information.Begin with whites and work through the table in the order of the racial categories listed.

The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.

Question 59

Refer to the table below and construct a cumulative frequency distribution.Start with those who strongly disagree and work your way down through the remaining categories.

Question 60

Using the following information from the U.S.Census Bureau,calculate both the number and percentage of non-white military reserve personnel.

The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.

Question 61

The following graph depicts the number of respondents by racial group,where 1 = white,2 = black,and 3 = other.Explain why this choice of graphic is or is not appropriate for these data.

Question 62

Explain why the following statement is true: "When constructing a pie chart,the frequencies associated with each category must sum to N.Likewise,if working with proportions or percentages,these must sum to 1.0 or 100% respectively."

Question 63

Which graphic device would be most appropriate to display information about "The sex ratio at birth - that is,the ratio to the number of males to the number of females - is 1.05 in the United States"?

Question 64

Which graphic device would be most appropriate to display information about "Young adults in South Korea generally have more years of schooling than young adults in the United States"?