Deck 7: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings

Question 1

The function of cognitively based attitudes is

A) evaluation.
B) object appraisal.
C) the use of logic.
D) decision-making.

Answer 1

object appraisal.

Question 2

Around the turn of the century, cigarette advertisers began to appeal to women as a new market for their product.They did this by making the connection between smoking and

A) weight loss.
B) sophistication and glamour.
C) women's liberation.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

The purpose of cognitively based attitudes is to

A) classify the pluses and minuses of an object to make a quick decision.
B) evaluate one's feelings about the attitude object.
C) decide on the best behavioral response to an attitude object.
D) create new feelings about attitude objects.

Answer 3

classify the pluses and minuses of an object to make a quick decision.

Question 4

According to the authors of your text, why are attitudes important?

A) They determine what we do.
B) They are a crucial part of the self.
C) They are key to eliminating prejudice.
D) They are malleable in different situations.

Question 5

Recent findings that ________ tend to have similar attitudes is the strongest evidence suggesting that attitudes are in part genetic.

A) fraternal twins
B) identical twins reared apart
C) adoptive siblings
D) cousins

Question 6

According to the brief social history of the cigarette presented in the introduction to Chapter 7 (Attitudes and Attitude Change), the way the industry has increased its business is primarily by

A) improving its product.
B) producing more of its product.
C) getting new populations of people to buy its product.
D) decreasing the price of its product.

Question 7

Erin just bought Brand X jeans.Purchasing that brand specifically illustrates the ________ component of attitudes.

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) positive
D) behavioral

Question 8

At the new-car dealership, Josh asks the salesperson a number of questions: "How good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?" The ________ component of Josh's attitude toward the car is most likely to inform his questions.

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) dissonant
D) behavioral

Question 9

Based on studies of twins, some attitudes are linked to

A) parental discipline.
B) peer group and sibling influence.
C) genetic influences.
D) the amount of television people watch.

Question 10

________ attitudes are based primarily on people's beliefs about properties of attitude objects.

A) Affectively based
B) Intention-based
C) Evaluatively based
D) Cognitively based

Question 11

Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson's "You've Really Got a Hold on Me": "I don't like you, but I love you / Seems that I'm always thinking of you / You treat me badly / I love you madly / You've really got a hold on me." The sentiments reflected in these lyrics best capture the ________ component of the singer's attitude.

A) cognitive
B) ambivalent
C) behavioral
D) affective

Question 12

Researchers suggest that some attitudes are linked to genetic influences.According to these researchers, how is it possible that we might inherit from our parents a love of something like classical music?

A) The influence of genes is modified by early childhood experiences.
B) Genes influence temperament and personality, which are in turn related to attitudes.
C) Genes that influence attitudes are dominant genes, not recessive genes.
D) There are specific genes related to musical preferences, but not to other attitudes.

Question 13

The family whose house is across the street from yours subscribes to every paper they can have delivered.They are constantly reading and talking about the news.They, like most people, tend to evaluate what they see in the world

A) rarely.
B) only when motivated.
C) only when they are not distracted or cognitively busy.
D) constantly.

Question 14

Brenna's attitude about shoes would be composed of all of the following components EXCEPT

A) emotional reactions.
B) behavioral tendencies.
C) self-perceptions.
D) thoughts and beliefs.

Question 15

According to the authors, what originally spurred the development of advertising for cigarettes and other products?

A) the development of the ability to mass-produce products
B) the development of new forms of media
C) the growing desire of the public for information about the product
D) the development of the entertainment industry

Question 16

Kenneth believes that Funny-O's cereal is good because it has no sugar, it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals, and it has no artificial flavors.Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O's is a(n)

A) cognitively based attitude.
B) affectively based attitude.
C) undifferentiated attitude.
D) behaviorally based attitude.

Question 17

Work by Tesser (1993) and others suggests that the genetic "component" of attitudes is due to the fact that genes influence

A) everyday behaviors.
B) personality and temperament.
C) the situations we select.
D) our evaluations of all attitude objects.

Question 18

Doty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake.She feels fear and jumps up and runs back to the house, all the while thinking, "I know that garden snakes are not dangerous." This example illustrates an inconsistency between the ________ component of attitudes and the ________ components.

A) affective; behavioral and cognitive
B) behavioral; affective and cognitive
C) cognitive; affective and behavioral
D) There is no inconsistency between the components.

Question 19

The three parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are

A) affective, cognitive, and evaluative.
B) cognitive, behavioral, and evaluative.
C) affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
D) affective, behavioral, and evaluative.

Question 20

The ________ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the ________ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

A) evaluative; behavioral
B) affective; behavioral
C) evaluative; cognitive
D) affective; cognitive

Question 21

Cognitively based attitude is to ________ as ________ attitude is to emotion.

A) evaluation; behaviorally based
B) evaluation; value based
C) appraisal; affectively based
D) values; affectively based

Question 22

Aicha's whole family loves the Red Sox.Recently, Aicha has begun rooting for the Yankees.When she's at home, she receives a lot of jokes and disapproval from her family.This reaction to her behavior is a(n)

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) implicit attitude.
D) fear-arousing communication.

Question 23

Samantha really enjoys Gummy Bears.Her attitude did not stem from any rational examination of the nutritional value of this food, and isn't governed by logic (she can't be persuaded to stop eating them).Samantha's attitude about Gummy Bears is most likely ________ based.

A)affectively
B)cognitively
C)behaviorally
D)intuitively

Question 24

If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches, Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches.What would best explain Joey's negative attitude toward them?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) personal values
D) attitude conditioning

Question 25

The function of affectively based attitudes is to

A) paint an accurate picture of the world.
B) express and validate one's basic value system.
C) behave in accordance with one's attitudes.
D) weigh the pluses and minuses of an attitude object.

Question 26

Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them? Affectively based attitudes are

A) often linked to values, which are difficult to change.
B) governed by knowledge of the issues.
C) the result of the same illogical source.
D) acquired by automatic processes.

Question 27

In all likelihood, attitudes toward _______ are affectively based, and stem from _______.

A) cleaning products; people's values
B) instant coffee; instrumental conditioning
C) abortion; a logical examination of the facts
D) the death penalty; people's values

Question 28

Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources, they are alike in that they tend to be

A) based on rational examination of relevant information.
B) logically organized.
C) linked to personal values.
D) unrelated to past experience.

Question 29

The Rolling Stones' "Satisfaction" was playing on the radio when Margaret's fiancé broke off their engagement.Margaret was heartbroken, of course, and can no longer stand the Rolling Stones or their songs, and turns them off every time they come on the radio.Margaret's attitude toward the Rolling Stones and their songs is affectively based in that it was

A) linked to her deeply held values.
B) classically conditioned by a traumatic experience.
C) generated by a rational examination of the issues.
D) highly accessible when her fiancé broke the engagement.

Question 30

It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians.Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them.This pattern of findings suggests that people's attitudes toward politicians may be largely

A) ambivalent.
B) affectively based.
C) behaviorally based.
D) cognitively based.

Question 31

Paul has a very positive reaction to the smell of wood smoke.In all likelihood, this is because the smell of a fire reminds him of wonderful winter days he spent as a child in front of the fireplace at his grandparents' cabin in the north woods.This example illustrates ________ as a basis for affectively based attitudes.

A) operant conditioning
B) systematic processing
C) classical conditioning
D) nostalgia

Question 32

All of the following are characteristics of affectively based attitudes except that they are

A)not a result of rational examination.
B)often linked to values.
C)a central part of one's self.
D)governed by logic.

Question 33

An attitude is usually considered to be affectively based if it is

A)entirely a result of rational examination.
B)governed by logic.
C)a strong predictor of behavior.
D)linked to values.

Question 34

An attitude based on operant conditioning is formed when a behavior toward an attitude object is

A) positively reinforced.
B) performed unconsciously.
C) done privately, then publicly.
D) paired with a negative stimulus.

Question 35

When Myra looks at the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the first time and sees the gorgeous art, she is awestruck, and even moved to tears by the beauty of it.Her affective-based attitude is a result of

A) her system of beliefs.
B) her values as a pagan.
C) classical conditioning.
D) a sensory reaction.

Question 36

Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test-drives the new Volkswagen "Bug." He feels twenty-five years younger, and remembers cruising the beaches of California in his old 1970 Bug when he was in college.He decides to purchase that new VW model.Miguel's positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by

A) a cognitive component.
B) an affective component.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 37

André is not at all familiar with a presidential candidate's stand on the issues or with his proposed policies, but André likes "his" candidate and plans to vote for him anyway.This example illustrates that people's attitudes toward politicians are often

A) cognitively based.
B) affectively based.
C) behaviorally based.
D) classically conditioned.

Question 38

Affectively based attitudes tend to stem from any of the following sources except

A) rational appraisal of costs and benefits.
B) personal values.
C) sensory experiences.
D) conditioning.

Question 39

Claude had an unpleasant experience during his last visit to Dallas, Texas.He was approached by two men with strong Texas accents who wielded sharp knives, roughed him up, cracked a rib, and stole all his money.Ever since Claude was mugged, he has taken an instant dislike to anyone who speaks with a Texas twang.Claude's negative attitude toward Texas accents is most probably a result of

A) instrumental conditioning.
B) attitude accessibility.
C) classical conditioning.
D) cognitive dissonance reduction.

Question 40

A positive attitude can be formed via classical conditioning when an attitude object is repeatedly paired with

A) a pleasant stimulus/experience.
B) rewards for a simple behavior.
C) punishments for misbehavior.
D) arousal and cognition.

Question 41

Jenny was obese as a child, but is currently a normal weight for her height.Based on research by Rudman and her colleagues (2007) presented in your text, Jenny is most likely to have a(n) ________ attitude about overweight people.

A) favorable implicit
B) unfavorable implicit
C) favorable explicit
D) neutral

Question 42

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our ________ toward that object than our ________ toward that object.

A) behavior; thoughts and feelings
B) thoughts and feelings; behavior
C) beliefs; past experience
D) social group's behavior; own behavior

Question 43

Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviorally based attitudes?

A) self-persuasion theory
B) self-perception theory
C) the Yale Attitude Change approach
D) the elaboration likelihood model

Question 44

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

A) behaviorally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude.
B) controlled behavior is to unconscious behavior.
C) affect is to evaluation.
D) self-perception theory is to the IAT.

Question 45

In a recent study of implicit attitudes by Rudman and her colleagues (2007), people who were overweight ________ but were not overweight ________ tended to have more positive implicit attitudes and negative explicit attitudes about overweight people.

A) currently; as children
B) as children; as adolescents
C) as children; currently
D) currently; by very much

Question 46

Explicit attitudes influence our behavior when ________, while implicit attitudes influence our behavior when ________.

A) we are not monitoring our behavior; we are monitoring our behavior
B) we are monitoring our behavior; we are not monitoring our behavior
C) we make public statements, we consider our private beliefs
D) our behavior is nonverbal; our behavior is verbal

Question 47

Explicit attitudes are ________, while implicit attitudes are ________.

A) public statements; private beliefs
B) in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious
C) affectively based; usually cognitively based
D) involuntary; voluntary

Question 48

Research by Rudman and her colleagues (2007) suggests that implicit attitudes are rooted in ________ experiences, whereas explicit attitudes are based in ________ experiences.

A) current; childhood
B) traumatic; normal
C) childhood; present
D) emotional; cognitive

Question 49

In a recent study of implicit attitudes by Rudman and her colleagues (2007), people who were close to their mothers and whose mothers were ________ tended to have more positive implicit attitudes about overweight people.

A) not prejudiced
B) especially critical of their appearance
C) overweight
D) self-confident

Question 50

People are most likely to form behaviorally based attitudes when the initial attitude is ________ and there are no ________ justifications for the behavior.

A) weak or ambiguous; external
B) weak or ambiguous; internal
C) strong and clear; external
D) strong and clear; internal

Question 51

Winnie suddenly left the bar when Adam asked for her number.She realizes afterward that she must really have disliked Adam because of the way she behaved.By inferring her attitude from her observation of her behavior, she has a(n) ________ attitude.

A) affectively based
B) behaviorally based
C) cognitively based
D) explicit

Question 52

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

A) when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire
B) when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends
C) when Sarah sees Schindler's List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic
D) when Jodi, who is white, marries Percy, who is black

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true?

A) "I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time" reflects a behaviorally based attitude.
B) "I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil" represents a cognitively based attitude.
C) "I guess I like junk food, because I'm always eating it" represents a behaviorally based attitude.
D) "I'd like to get rid of this car because it's always in the shop" represents an affectively based attitude.

Question 54

Oliver is participating in a research study of implicit attitudes.He was an overweight child but is a healthy-weight adult.If his results are similar to the participants in the study by Rudman and her colleagues (2007), he will have a ________ implicit attitude about overweight people.

A) more positive
B) more negative
C) neutral
D) more conscious

Question 55

Lenoir is taking a test to see if she's prejudiced toward elderly people.Because it's difficult to assess her implicit attitudes, she's most likely

A) completing the Implicit Associations Test (IAT).
B) completing a survey or questionnaire.
C) having a structured interview.
D) reporting about her controllable behaviors.

Question 56

Who is most likely to form a behaviorally based attitude?

A) Lucinda, who tastes sushi for the first time because she is curious and hates it
B) Carmen, who goes clogging with her friends because they insist on her accompanying them
C) Jeremiah, who finds himself spending hours on the Internet for no good reason
D) Paco, who goes to the gym five days a week because the doctor ordered him to lose weight and exercise

Question 57

Jane is asked what kind of computer she prefers.She says, "Well, I always seem to be working on a Mac, so I guess I like them best." In this case, Jane's attitude appears to be

A) affectively based.
B) cognitively based.
C) value-based.
D) behaviorally based.

Question 58

Complete the analogy about attitudes: implicit: ________ :: explicit: ________.

A) childhood; present
B) current; future
C) controlled; cognitive
D) automatic; nonconscious

Question 59

People tend to be less aware of their ________ attitudes, which are more likely to influence behaviors they are not monitoring.

A)explicit
B)cognitively based
C)implicit
D)self-perceived

Question 60

Which of the following is the best example of a behaviorally based attitude?

A) Sheila tastes chocolate for the first time and loves it!
B) Millicent finds herself sketching in her spare time and realizes she must love to draw.
C) Bill exercises every day because he knows that it is good for his health.
D) Dahlia votes for her state representative because she likes him.

Question 61

Social psychologists have found that attitudes do predict behavior, but only under certain specifiable conditions.One key factor is knowing whether the behavior in question is

A) positive or negative.
B) spontaneous or deliberate.
C) easy or difficult.
D) a current or future behavior.

Question 62

Researchers (Davidson & Jaccard, 1979) studied the relationship between women's attitudes and their use of the birth control pill.They found that the best predictor of whether women were using the birth control pill two years after reporting their attitudes was the women's

A) attitude toward unwanted pregnancy.
B) belief about their partners' attitudes toward the pill.
C) attitude toward using birth control pills during the two-year period.
D) attitudes toward abortion.

Question 63

According to the theory of planned behavior, the best predictor of people's deliberative behavior is

A) the social situation.
B) their intention to behave in a certain way.
C) their assumptions about how others will evaluate their behavior.
D) whether the behavior is spontaneous or planned.

Question 64

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

A) perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behavior.
B) evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes.
C) intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviors.
D) beliefs about what important others will think of their behavior.

Question 65

Researchers (Davidson & Jaccard, 1979) studied the relationship between women's attitudes and their use of the birth control pill.The results of this study indicated that general attitudes were _______ of behavior.

A) accurate predictors
B) moderately good predictors
C) poor predictors
D) reliable predictors

Question 66

________ is to predicting spontaneous behavior as ________ is to predicting deliberative behavior.

A) Attitude accessibility; intention
B) Affect; cognition
C) Dissonance reduction; self-perception
D) Utility; social identity

Question 67

If you stand in the checkout line of any discount store, you'll see a very odd assortment of items on display: disposable razors, batteries, ballpoint pens, playing cards, trail mix, USB drives, and so on.Retailers call these items "impulse buys," meaning that although people may not come to the store looking for cards, pens, or trail mix, when they see them near the checkout, they'll buy them.An attitude researcher might say that people buy these items because

A) consumers' attitudes toward such utilitarian items are emotionally based.
B) these items reflect people's social identity concerns, so they will deliberate quickly about whether to purchase them.
C) attitudes toward these items may be highly accessible.
D) intentions are relatively unimportant when people engage in deliberative behaviors like purchases.

Question 68

Raymond's attitude is more likely to be highly accessible if he has ________ the attitude object.

A) thought in more depth about
B) more firsthand experience with
C) a neutral perspective about
D) only read about

Question 69

Why are millions of dollars a year spent on advertising?

A) because otherwise TV shows would need to be longer, and actors would need to be paid more
B) because it is assumed that attitude change leads to behavioral change
C) because advertising is effective when it is done subliminally
D) because attitude change leads people to be more willing to spend money frivolously

Question 70

Recall that in the 1930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States, LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90 percent of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.Although LaPiere's study suggests that there is a weak link between attitudes and behavior, his results should be interpreted with caution.Why?

A) Later, more systematic research revealed that there is generally a strong relation between attitudes and behavior.
B) Prejudice has generally declined in the United States since the 1930s.
C) His sample of proprietors was not randomly selected.
D) Proprietors' attitudes might have changed between LaPiere's visit and the time he sent the letters.

Question 71

Your best friend Nina may or may not visit New York this weekend.According to the theory of planned behavior, what information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Nina will actually travel to New York?

A) Nina's attitude about traveling
B) Nina's intention to visit New York
C) Nina's attitude toward New York
D) Nina's intention to get away this weekend

Question 72

What type of attitudes best predict spontaneous behavior?

A) highly accessible attitudes
B) emotion-based attitudes
C) cognition-based attitudes
D) weak attitudes

Question 73

Recall that LaPiere (1934) found a discrepancy between proprietors' reported attitudes toward accommodating Chinese and their willingness to provide services to a Chinese couple that accompanied him on his travels.The discrepancy between proprietors' attitudes and actual behaviors might have been reduced had LaPiere written and asked them,

A) "Would you let members of the Chinese race eat at your restaurant?"
B) "Would you serve dinner to a Chinese couple accompanied by an American professor?"
C) "On a one-to-five scale, how do you feel about Chinese visitors to the United States?"
D) "Would you say that you have a positive attitude toward Asian visitors to the United States?"

Question 74

The theory of planned behavior states that the best predictors of deliberate behaviors are

A) behavioral intentions, subjective norms, and attitude accessibility.
B) attitude salience, behavioral patterns, and perceived behavior control.
C) attitudes toward the specific behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control.
D) behavioral intentions, attitude accessibility, and perceived behavior control.

Question 75

Based on research by Fazio regarding the ability of highly accessible attitudes to predict behaviors, which of the following people would be most likely to stop and donate to a homeless person who approaches and asks for money?

A) Christina, who was just thinking about her sister's eviction
B) Josefina, who had just found a quarter on the sidewalk
C) Paul, who was trying to remember where he parked his car
D) Ramon, who just got a new roommate whom he dislikes

Question 76

Recall that in the l930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States, LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90 percent of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.This study is noteworthy because it suggested that

A) rational persuasive appeals reduce prejudice.
B) the link between attitudes and behaviors is often tenuous.
C) people often "tell" more than they can know.
D) contact with people against whom we are prejudiced can actually reduce prejudice.

Question 77

Even though Mario dislikes rollercoasters, he may decide to take a ride because his best friend really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave.This example shows the importance of _______ on our behavioral decisions.

A) subjective norms
B) the reciprocity norm
C) altruism
D) persuasive communication

Question 78

Why are highly accessible attitudes more likely to predict spontaneous behaviors than are less accessible attitudes?

A) People are more likely to be thinking of accessible attitudes when they are called on to act.
B) Emotion-based attitudes are both more accessible and more likely to influence behaviors.
C) People with accessible attitudes are more likely to be influenced by arbitrary aspects of the situation.
D) Actually, attitude accessibility does not influence the link between attitudes and behaviors.

Question 79

Based on research presented in your text about attitudes predicting behavior, it could be said that ________ attitudes best predict actual behavior.

A) general
B) abstract
C) specific
D) intrinsic

Question 80

According to the theory of planned behavior, the best predictor of riding a roller coaster would be

A) one's intention to ride the roller coaster.
B) one's attitude toward amusement parks.
C) one's fear of heights.
D) the number of other people waiting in line.