Deck 10: Language in Context

Question 1

Recent research comparing Chinese versus English speakers' impressions of people described in text passages in Chinese and in English show that the structures of these languages

A)do influence the likelihood of identifying a particular cultural stereotype.
B)do not influence the speakers' impressions of the people.
C)constrain only the ability to communicate their impressions of the people,and not the impressions themselves.
D)cannot be studied at present.

Answer 1

do influence the likelihood of identifying a particular cultural stereotype.

Question 2

Many adults have difficulty learning a new language.Which of the following is most likely the reason for this difficulty?

A)They are too old to learn new vocabulary.
B)They continue to primarily rely on their native language.
C)Syntax must be learned before adolescence.
D)The lexicon cannot integrate that amount of information.

Answer 2

They continue to primarily rely on their native language.

Question 3

A person who speaks more than one language is

A)bilingual.
B)monolingual.
C)dualingual.
D)unilingual.

Answer 3

bilingual.

Question 4

Berlin and Kay (1969)found that all languages draw their basic color terms from eleven color names.This finding supports the existence of __________ in language.

A)categorical relativity
B)absolutism
C)linguistic relativity
D)linguistic universals

Question 5

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Wharf were most forceful in propagating the linguistic __________ hypothesis.

A)absolutism
B)relativity
C)universality
D)contextualism

Question 6

The dual-system hypothesis suggests that the bilingual's two languages

A)serve a dual function,one cognitive and another practical.
B)progress toward greater fluency in a reciprocal and mutual manner.
C)are represented in separate cognitive systems.
D)lead to the development of two systems of thought.

Question 7

When a person learns two different languages at the same time,this is called

A)additive bilingualism.
B)sequential bilingualism.
C)simultaneous bilingualism.
D)subtractive bilingualism.

Question 8

A person who speaks one language is said to be

A)bilingual.
B)monolingual.
C)subtractive bilingual.
D)unilingual.

Question 9

This concept states that language provides a cognitive system that influences the way one thinks about the world,and that users of different languages and cognitive systems,therefore,think about the world differently.

A)linguistic relativity
B)linguistic universals
C)dual-system hypothesis
D)single-system hypothesis

Question 10

__________ bilingualism refers to learning a second language in a way that elements of the second language replace elements of the first language.

A)Balanced
B)Unbalanced
C)Additive
D)Subtractive

Question 11

When bilinguals are __________ bilinguals and when they come from __________ backgrounds,positive effects of bilingualism tend to be found.

A)de facto;middle-class
B)subtractive;upper-class
C)balanced;middle-class
D)fluent;lower-class

Question 12

This type of bilingualism is when a person learns one language and then at a later time learns a second language.

A)additive bilingualism
B)sequential bilingualism
C)simultaneous bilingualism
D)subtractive bilingualism

Question 13

__________ refers to a simple means of communication that is a rudimentary mixture of the lexicon and syntax of two or more languages.

A)Pidgin
B)Creole
C)Dialect
D)Language

Question 14

The single-system hypothesis suggests that the bilingual's two languages

A)serve a single and primary function with a facilitative effect on cognition.
B)are represented in a unified cognitive system.
C)progress toward greater fluency in a unitary manner.
D)lead to the development of a single system of thought.

Question 15

__________ are characteristic patterns of language that apply across all of the languages of various cultures.

A)Speech acts
B)Scripts
C)Similes
D)Linguistic universals

Question 16

Carmen is a balanced bilingual of Spanish and English who comes from a middle-class background.Carmen's thought processes are likely to exhibit

A)negative effects of bilingualism.
B)positive effects of bilingualism.
C)no differences from the thought processes of monolinguals.
D)mostly negative but some positive effects of bilingualism.

Question 17

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is another name for the linguistic___________ hypothesis.

A)absolutism
B)relativity
C)universality
D)contextualism

Question 18

In one experiment participants are given a set of drawings to remember.Half of the participants are given ambiguous drawings that are labeled and half are given ambiguous drawings that are not labeled.In the subsequent memory test,participants are asked to draw the figures;drawings from the "labeled" group look more like the label than drawings from the "unlabeled" group.Results like these support the

A)dual-system hypothesis.
B)single-system hypothesis.
C)linguistic relativity hypothesis.
D)linguistic universals hypothesis.

Question 19

According to Cummins (1976),__________ bilingualism results in increased cognitive functioning,whereas __________ bilingualism results in decreased functioning.

A)subtractive;additive
B)additive;multiplicative
C)multiplicative;subtractive
D)additive;subtractive

Question 20

__________ bilingualism refers to learning a second language in the context of a relatively well-developed first language.

A)Balanced
B)Unbalanced
C)Additive
D)Subtractive

Question 21

A(n)__________ refers to a juxtaposition of two unlike nouns,thereby asserting their similarities,while not disconfirming their dissimilarities.

A)metaphor
B)synectic
C)semantic comparison
D)analogical act

Question 22

"I'd really like to be her" instead of "I'd really like to see her" is an example of a linguistic error in which what we mean is different than what we say.This is called a(n)

A)slip of the tongue.
B)interactive-activation model.
C)linguistic relativity.
D)word superiority effect.

Question 23

A(n)__________ refers to juxtaposition of two unlike nouns,in which the word like or as is used to suggest similarities between the two.

A)metaphor
B)simile
C)semantic comparison
D)analogical act

Question 24

Using the metaphor "She's on fire!," this approach suggests that a metaphor involves an interaction between the domains of the tenor and vehicle.This would include both similarities as well as dissimilarities.

A)Anomaly view
B)Domain-Interaction view
C)Nonliteral form of class-inclusion statement
D)Traditional Comparison view

Question 25

Thelma's parents ask her if she is going shopping at "Wal-Marts." Thelma is going shopping at one "Wal-Mart";"Wal-Mart" is the name of the store,but many people in the community refer to it as "Wal-Marts." When Thelma hears someone say "Wal-Marts" she assumes they are poor and have below-average intelligence.This assumption is an example of

A)phonemism.
B)bigotry.
C)dialectism.
D)linguicism.

Question 26

__________ refers to the study of how people use language,emphasizing the contexts in which language is used,as well as the nonverbal communication that augments verbal communication.

A)proxemics
B)dialectics
C)pragmatics
D)linguistics

Question 27

__________ refers to a speech act by which a person conveys a belief that a given proposition is true.

A)Representative
B)Directive
C)Commissive
D)Declaration

Question 28

__________ refer(s)to inadvertent errors in what is said,usually as a result of articulatory or semantic confusion of phonemes,morphemes,or even words.

A)Semantic confusion
B)Conversational errors
C)Similes
D)Slips of the tongue

Question 29

An idea may be correct in terms of how we think about it (e.g. ,our "language of the mind" is correct).However,a mistake may be made when conveying the idea to others.This mistake would be called

A)linguistic output error.
B)slips of the tongue.
C)conceptual generation error.
D)linguistic generator error.

Question 30

While writing an essay about his summer vacation,Stan notices that he has written that he "enjoyed many days in the son" when he intended to write that he had "enjoyed many days in the sun." This error is an example of a

A)reversal.
B)malapropism.
C)spoonerism.
D)preservation.

Question 31

Identify the tenor and the vehicle from the following: Shakespeare in one of his plays wrote "all the world is a stage." The tenor is ___ and the vehicle is ___.

A)play;Shakespeare
B)Shakespeare;play
C)stage;world
D)world;stage

Question 32

__________ refer to any of five basic categories of speech,analyzed in terms of the purposes accomplished by the given act.

A)Conversational categories
B)Conversational acts
C)Speech categories
D)Speech acts

Question 33

__________ refers to a regional variety of a language distinguished by features such as vocabulary,grammar,and pronunciation.

A)Pidgin
B)Creole
C)Dialect
D)Language

Question 34

A history instructor says to a student,"You have hissed all my mystery lectures." Most likely she has just committed this type of speech error.

A)reversal
B)malapropism
C)spoonerism
D)preservation

Question 35

The sentence,"She was as quiet as a mouse," is an example of a

A)simile.
B)malapropism.
C)metaphor.
D)comparator.

Question 36

This "error" can occur at a number of different hierarchical levels of linguistic processing including the acoustical and semantic levels.This type of error would be called a

A)conceptual generation error.
B)hypermnesia.
C)linguistic output error.
D)slip of the tongue.

Question 37

Using the metaphor "She's on fire!," this approach would emphasize the dissimilarity between the elements in a metaphor.

A)Anomaly view
B)Domain-Interaction view
C)Nonliteral form of class-inclusion statement
D)Traditional Comparison view

Question 38

A business associate said,"I'm glad to beat you," when what he intended to say was "I'm glad to meet you." This description illustrates the psychoanalytic concept of

A)semantic confusion.
B)conversational errors.
C)Jungian similes.
D)Freudian slip.

Question 39

In one fMRI study,bilingual persons completed a sentence-generation task in both of their languages.The results showed that in early bilinguals left-inferior-frontal-gyrus activation for both languages was ________ and that in late bilinguals activation was _________.

A)overlapping;separate
B)overlapping;also overlapping
C)separate;overlapping
D)separate;also separate

Question 40

Using the metaphor "She's on fire!," this approach would emphasize the similarity between the elements in the metaphor (her behavior and the properties of a fire).

A)Anomaly view
B)Domain-Interaction view
C)Nonliteral form of class-inclusion statement
D)Traditional Comparison view

Question 41

__________ refers to a statement regarding the speaker's psychological state.

A)Representative
B)Directive
C)Expressive
D)Performative

Question 42

According to Grice (1967),the maxim of _________ refers to making a contribution to a conversation as informative as required,but no more informative than is appropriate.

A)quantity
B)quality
C)relation
D)manner

Question 43

The statement "Can you pass me the salt?" is an example of an indirect speech act that emphasizes

A)abilities.
B)desires.
C)a future action.
D)reasons.

Question 44

The statement "I would be so pleased if you cooked today!" is an example of an indirect speech act that emphasizes

A)abilities.
B)desires.
C)commisives.
D)reasons.

Question 45

The statement "I'm delighted that final exams are over!" is an example of a(n)__________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)expressive
D)performative

Question 46

__________ refers to an attempt by a speaker to get a listener to do something,such as giving the answer to a question.

A)Representative
B)Directive
C)Commissive
D)Declaration

Question 47

The statement "Do you have the time?" is an example of a __________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)commissive
D)performative

Question 48

According to Steven Pinker,which of the following is not one of the purposes for the use of indirect speech?

A)To ensure plausible deniability.
B)To avoid offending someone.
C)To simply convey the truth.
D)To clarify the nature of a relationship.

Question 49

The statement "As you can see here on the thermostat,the temperature in the house is 68 degrees Fahrenheit" is an example of a __________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)commissive
D)performative

Question 50

Sarah makes the statement "I'll be flying to Costa Rica tomorrow" is an example of a __________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)commissive
D)performative

Question 51

__________ refers to a commitment by the speaker to engage in some future course of action.

A)Representative
B)Directive
C)Commissive
D)Performative

Question 52

Ann said "this court is now in session." This is an example of which type of speech act?

A)commissive
B)declaration
C)expressive
D)representative

Question 53

All of the following statements describe basic ways of making indirect requests except one.Identify the exception.

A)asking or making statements about abilities
B)stating a desire
C)stating a future action
D)describing a past event

Question 54

According to Grice (1967),successful conversations follow the following four maxims:

A)quantity,quality,relation,and manner.
B)quantity,quality,expression,and relation.
C)expression,intent,relation,and manner.
D)intent,time,relation,and manner.

Question 55

The statement "I do" uttered by a couple in a marriage ceremony is an example of a(n)__________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)expressive
D)declaration

Question 56

__________ refers to a speech act by which the very act of making a statement brings about an intended new state of affairs.

A)Representative
B)Directive
C)Commissive
D)Declaration

Question 57

In order to talk to each other versus talking past one another,we often setup our conversations such that it is easy for our listener to understand the intended message.Doing so is making use of ___.

A)metaphors
B)cooperative principles
C)indirect requests
D)speech acts

Question 58

The statement "Can you pass the salt?" is an example of a __________ speech act.

A)representative
B)directive
C)commissive
D)performative

Question 59

__________ refers to a form of speech in which the person makes a request in an oblique manner.

A)Oblique request
B)Oblique speech act
C)Indirect request
D)Indirect speech act

Question 60

When Mr.Spock (a "Vulcan" in the TV series Star Trek)was asked what the temperature was,he answered,"It's 31.297868086298 degrees out there." Mr.Spock's answer illustrates a violation of the conversational maxim of

A)quantity.
B)quality.
C)relation.
D)manner.

Question 61

Which of the following statements most accurately describes how lateralization of linguistic functioning differs between men and women?

A)Men and women tend to have similar amounts of lateralization.
B)Men tend to use their right hemisphere more than women.
C)Women tend to use both hemispheres more equally than men.
D)Women localize phonological processing more than men.

Question 62

Research suggests that young women,more than young men,prefer to talk about

A)political views.
B)sources of personal pride.
C)fears.
D)what they like about the other person.

Question 63

In one exploration of language,Koko,the gorilla,was taught to use __________ to communicate.

A)lexigrams
B)hand signs
C)a keyboard
D)English

Question 64

ERP (Event-related potential)studies have revealed several distinguishable brain processes related to written sentence comprehension.In particular,the N400 has been associated with _______ while the P600 has been associated with _______.

A)syntactic processing;phoneme processing
B)symbolic processing;semantic processing
C)feature processing;symbolic processing
D)semantic processing;syntactic processing

Question 65

According to Grice (1967),the maxim of __________ refers to the expectation that a person's contribution to a conversation is truthful,reflecting what the person believes to be the case.

A)quantity
B)quality
C)relation
D)manner

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding the brain structures involved in language is true?

A)The superior temporal sulcus is sensitive to speech sounds.
B)Broca's and Wernicke's area control all language processing.
C)Lesions to the left temporal cortex do not affect language ability.
D)Left hemisphere involvement in language learning is greater than right.

Question 67

According to Deborah Tannen (1990),in conversations,women generally do not seek to

A)establish a connection between the two participants.
B)give support and confirmation to others.
C)reach consensus through communication.
D)establish the upper hand.

Question 68

Investigations by Herbert Terrace (1987)involving the chimpanzee,Nim Chimpsky,revealed that after several years of training of a simplified version of ASL (American Sign Language),Nim

A)had verbal ability equivalent to that of a teenager.
B)could only learn a few signs.
C)could not communicate at all using the sign system.
D)had virtually no understanding of syntactic structure.

Question 69

According to Grice (1967),the maxim of __________ refers to the expectation that a person's contribution to a conversation avoid obscure expressions,vague utterances,and purposeful obfuscation of the point.

A)quantity
B)quality
C)relation
D)manner

Question 70

All of the following reasons,except one,are used to justify the use of non-human animals in language research.Which of the following is not a reason for using non-human animals as subjects?

A)Non-human animal systems are simpler and easier to study.
B)Non-human animals can have consistent availability in experiments.
C)Non-human animals have the same brain structures as humans.
D)Fewer ethical constraints are placed on non-human animals than on humans.

Question 71

In response to the question,"Honey,how do I look?" Ms.Smith exclaimed,"Terrific!" although she had serious reservations about her husband's appearance.Ms.Smith's answer illustrates a violation of the conversational maxim of

A)quantity.
B)quality.
C)relation.
D)manner.

Question 72

Research suggests that young men,more than young women,prefer to talk about

A)close friends.
B)fears.
C)classes.
D)political views.

Question 73

According to Grice (1967),the maxim of __________ refers to the expectation that a person's contribution to a conversation be relevant to the aims of the conversation.

A)quantity
B)quality
C)relation
D)manner

Question 74

To express the phrase "people read," a well-known sociologist wrote instead,"The individual member of the social community often receives information via visual,symbolic channels." This long sentence illustrates a violation of the maxim of

A)quantity.
B)quality.
C)relation.
D)manner.

Question 75

Although it is difficult to precisely map linguistic functions to specific hemispheres,in general it can be said that the left hemisphere

A)seems better at processing well-practiced routines.
B)seems better at dealing with novel stimuli.
C)seems to have little involvement in linguistic function.
D)seems to be entirely responsible for linguistic function.

Question 76

According to Deborah Tannen (1990),men see the world as a hierarchical social order in which the purpose of communication does not include

A)negotiation for the upper hand.
B)preservation of independence.
C)avoidance of failure.
D)communication of strong positive emotions.

Question 77

When Tom said to Mary,"I think we need to talk about our relationship," Mary said casually,"The weather sure is beautiful!" Mary's answer illustrates a violation of the conversational maxim of

A)quantity.
B)quality.
C)relation.
D)manner.

Question 78

This general term indicates that there is an impairment in language functioning due to some damage to the brain (e.g. ,lesions).

A)orthographic
B)linguistic relativity
C)subtractive bilingualism
D)aphasia

Question 79

Kutas and Hillyard used __________ to detect differences in processing of expected versus anomalous sentences.

A)fMRIs
B)ERPs
C)PET scans
D)CT scans

Question 80

Deborah Tannen's research on male-female conversation shows that gender differences in conversational style largely center on differing understandings of

A)the semantic connotations of words spoken.
B)the logic of the speaker.
C)the goals of conversation.
D)how grammar should be used in sentences.