Deck 35: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Question 1

All of the following are part of the nephron except the:

A)loop of Henle.
B)renal corpuscle.
C)proximal convoluted tubule.
D)calyx.

Answer 1

calyx.

Question 2

Peristalsis of ureters is maintained even when the ureter is denervated, so ureters can be transplanted.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Renal blood vessels are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Normally, 99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed.

Question 5

The kidney has endocrine functions.

Question 6

Kidneys hypertrophy throughout life.

Question 7

The area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli of the nephrons is the:

A)medulla.
B)cortex.
C)pyramids.
D)columns.

Question 8

While afferent and efferent arterioles are richly innervated, nerves have not been observed in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 9

The arcuate arteries branch to form the interlobar arteries at the cortical medullary junction.

Question 10

Which tubule is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area?

A)Proximal tubules
B)Distal tubules
C)Ascending loop of Henle
D)Descending loop of Henle

Question 11

The target tissue for angiotensin II is the blood vessels and adrenal medulla.

Question 12

Active transport in the renal tubules can be limited as the carrier molecules become saturated.

Question 13

The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A)glomerulus
B)nephron
C)collecting duct
D)pyramid

Question 14

The left kidney is slightly lower than the right due to the location of the liver.

Question 15

Tubular secretion is the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillaries.

Question 16

Which cells have contractile and phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and produce vasoactive substances that influence the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A)Principle cells
B)Podocin cells
C)Mesangial cells
D)Intercalated cells

Question 17

The kidneys are located within the peritoneal cavity, posterior to the intestines.

Question 18

There is a direct relationship between renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Question 19

A ring of smooth muscle, the ureteral sphincter, surrounds the ureters where they enter the urinary bladder.

Question 20

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is the secretion of sodium chloride.

Question 21

The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by the:

A)posterior pituitary.
B)right atrium.
C)left atrium.
D)anterior pituitary.

Question 22

What is an indication that the carrier molecule for glucose is saturated?

A)Hyperglycemia
B)Glucosuria
C)Polyuria
D)Proteinuria

Question 23

What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?

A)Macula densa
B)Visceral epithelium
C)Juxtaglomerular apparatus
D)Filtration slits

Question 24

Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

A)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Cortisol
D)Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

Question 25

What force(s) creates passive transport of water in the proximal tubule?

A)Peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B)Peritubular capillary oncotic and osmotic pressures
C)Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D)Interstitial oncotic and osmotic pressures

Question 26

Which glucoprotein protects against urolithiasis and is a ligand for lymphokines?

A)Uromodulin
B)Nephrin
C)Urodilatin
D)Cystatin

Question 27

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to:

A)perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B)diffusion rate in the renal cortex.
C)diffusion rate in the renal medulla.
D)glomerular active transport.

Question 28

An action of renin is the:

A)inactivation of autoregulation.
B)direct activation of angiotensin II.
C)direct release of ADH.
D)activation of angiotensin I.

Question 29

The trigone is the:

A)smooth muscle that comprises the orifice of the ureter.
B)inner mucosal lining of the kidneys.
C)smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.
D)three divisions of the loop of Henle.

Question 30

The end product of protein metabolism excreted in urine is:

A)Glucose
B)Ketones
C)Bile
D)Urea

Question 31

What effect do natriuretic peptides (NAP) have when right atrial pressure rises?

A)Stimulates antidiuretic hormones and contracts vascular smooth muscle
B)Inhibits antidiuretic hormones and contracts vascular smooth muscle
C)Stimulates renin and aldosterone and relaxes vascular smooth muscle
D)Inhibits renin and aldosterone and relaxes vascular smooth muscle

Question 32

How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness?

A)75 to 100 ml
B)100 to 150 ml
C)250 to 300 ml
D)350 to 400 ml

Question 33

What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

A)They activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
B)They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
C)They activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.
D)They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

Question 34

Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

A)Peripheral nerves
B)Parasympathetic nervous system
C)Sympathetic nervous system
D)Tenth thoracic nerve roots

Question 35

How high does the serum glucose have to be for the threshold for glucose to be achieved?

A)126 mg/dl
B)150 mg/dl
C)180 mg/dl
D)200 mg/dl

Question 36

Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

A)vagus nerve.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 37

The action of urodilatin is that it:

A)causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles.
B)causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.
C)inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
D)inhibits salt and water reabsorption.

Question 38

Kidney stones in the upper part of the ureter would produce pain referred to the:

A)vulva or penis.
B)umbilicus.
C)thighs.
D)lower abdomen.

Question 39

What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

A)Retain sodium
B)Excrete sodium
C)Retain water
D)Excrete water

Question 40

On average, the kidneys receive approximately ____% to ____% of the cardiac output.

A)10; 20
B)15; 20
C)20; 25
D)30; 35

Question 41

Urodilatin:

A)inhibits sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
B)inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
C)is stimulated by a rise in blood pressure and an increase in extracellular volume.
D)is stimulated by a fall in blood pressure and a decrease in extracellular volume.

Question 42

_____ is a hormone synthesized and secreted by the kidneys.

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)Aldosterone
C)Erythropoietin
D)Angiotensinogen

Question 43

What stimulates the renal hydroxylation step to produce vitamin D?

A)Erythropoietin
B)Thyroid hormone
C)Calcitonin
D)Parathyroid hormone

Question 44

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Creatinine clearance

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 45

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Casts

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 46

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Leukocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 47

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is normally:

A)increased.
B)high normal.
C)low normal.
D)decreased.

Question 48

Which of the following is found in older adults?

A)A sharp decline in GFR and no change in renal blood flow
B)A sharp decline in renal blood flow and in GFR
C)A decrease in the number of nephrons
D)An increase in GFR leading to increased urine output

Question 49

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Erythrocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 50

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Crystals

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 51

The best estimate of functioning renal tissue is:

A)glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
B)hourly urine output.
C)serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.
D)the specific gravity of the solute concentration of the urine.