Deck 13: Methods of Therapy

Question 1

In biofeedback training, therapists attach clients to devices that measure bodily functions such as heart rate. 

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the context of psychoanalysis, catharsis provides relief by assaulting the ego. 

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In rational emotive behavior therapy, Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them. 

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Experimentation is the gold standard for research in psychology. 

Question 5

Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures. 

Question 6

Sigmund Freud believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day. 

Question 7

In the context of Native Americans, loss of cultural identity and social disorganization have set the stage for problems such as alcoholism. 

Question 8

Aaron Beck's methods of cognitive therapy focus on arguing clients out of beliefs that are making them miserable and exposing them to situations they avoid because of irrational fear. 

Question 9

In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimulus is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. 

Question 10

Virtual therapy relies exclusively on dream analysis. 

Question 11

When mental hospitals replaced asylums in the United States, the mental hospital's function was warehousing, not treatment. 

Question 12

Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference. 

Question 13

Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection. 

Question 14

Client-centered therapists focus on telling clients what to do, instead of helping them arrive at their own decisions. 

Question 15

Psychotherapy is used to exclusively treat people with severe psychological disorders. 

Question 16

Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects. 

Question 17

Correcting power imbalances in a relationship increases happiness and can decrease the incidence of domestic violence. 

Question 18

Inmates residing in asylums were safe and were never chained or beaten. 

Question 19

Like psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy focuses on the here and now. 

Question 20

In psychoanalysis, the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas is referred to as transference. 

Question 21

Asylums were intended primarily for:  

A)housing new slaves in America. 
B)housing people with psychological disorders. 
C)ensuring that people with psychological disorders reentered society after being treated. 
D)treating individuals with psychological disorders through therapies that did not involve violence.

Question 22

Why did Fritz Perls adopt the term Gestaltto name the therapy originated by him?  

A)Fritz Perls used the term Gestalt to signify his interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape. 
B)Fritz Perls used the term Gestalt to signify his interest in a spiritual way of cleansing a person's mind of psychological inhibitions. 
C)Fritz Perls used the term Gestalt to distinguish his method of therapy from the approaches used in client-centered therapy. 
D)Fritz Perls used the term Gestalt to convey the directive approach of his therapy.

Question 23

In the context of the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling?  

A)It relies on observational learning. 
B)It tends to focus on past events that lead to psychological disorders rather than on present behavior. 
C)It tends to focus on what people think and feel rather than on what people do. 
D)It is included under Gestalt therapy.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists?  

A)They encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations. 
B)They focus exclusively on interpreting dreams and childhood experiences. 
C)They believe that traumatic events alone, not our beliefs about the events, shape our responses to them. 
D)They aim to magnify the psychological problems in clients to understand their origin.

Question 25

Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats people with psychological disorders as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n) _____. 

A)asylum  
B)retail clinic  
C)community mental health center  
D)residential treatment center

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of psychiatrist Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy?  

A)Aaron Beck believed in distancing clients from situations that arouse fear. 
B)Aaron Beck believed that clients may selectively perceive the world as a harmful place and ignore evidence to the contrary. 
C)Aaron Beck stated that people with psychological disorders are best treated in asylums. 
D)Aaron Beck stated that people with psychological disorders are not capable of engaging in absolutist thinking.

Question 27

In client-centered therapy,__________refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings. 

A)genuineness  
B)unconditional positive regard  
C)empathy  
D)free association

Question 28

Psychotherapy is based on research in areas such as personality, learning, motivation, and emotion. 

Question 29

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _____. 

A)hypnotherapy  
B)sensitization  
C)exorcism  
D)virtual therapy

Question 30

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?  

A)Aversive conditioning  
B)Resistance  
C)Systematic desensitization  
D)Transference

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of group psychoanalysis?  

A)Clients with contrasting psychological problems are gathered under one roof. 
B)Clients in a group are allowed to interpret one another's dreams. 
C)It is facilitated as a one-to-one therapy without making the client feel lonely. 
D)It discourages the outpour of peer approvals within a group.

Question 32

In modern psychodynamic therapies, there is more focus on the id and less emphasis on the ego. 

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the method of free association?  

A)In this method, clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind. 
B)In this method, clients are requested not to disclose any personal information. 
C)In this method, clients are asked to restrict themselves to expressing one topic at a time. 
D)In this method, clients are encouraged to develop a strong wall of defense that blocks their insight into unconscious processes.

Question 34

_____ is conducted only with groups. 

A)Classical conditioning  
B)Couple therapy  
C)Hypnotherapy  
D)Dream analysis

Question 35

__________refers to Joseph Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation. 

A)Dream analysis  
B)Transference  
C)Systematic desensitization  
D)Modeling

Question 36

In the context of humanistic therapies, client-centered therapy is directive in nature. 

Question 37

__________is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations. 

A)Dream analysis  
B)Transference  
C)Systematic desensitization  
D)Modeling

Question 38

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It is not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely using _____. 

A)traditional hypnotherapy  
B)group therapy  
C)rational emotive behavior therapy  
D)electroconvulsive therapy

Question 39

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?  

A)Addiction  
B)Rebound anxiety  
C)Tolerance  
D)Illness anxiety disorder

Question 40

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?  

A)Exorcism  
B)Behavior therapy  
C)Exposure treatment  
D)Modeling

Question 41

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy__________. 

A)is directive in nature  
B)assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval  
C)assumes that people don social masks  
D)helps clients arrive at their own decisions

Question 42

Cognitive therapy is:  

A)likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems. 
B)likely to focus on past experiences that contribute to psychological disorders and not on present attitudes of people. 
C)unlikely to directly change maladaptive thoughts. 
D)unlikely to foster self-insight.

Question 43

__________are best described as controlled environments in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with keepsakes, such as poker chips, that may be exchanged for privileges. 

A)Asylums  
B)Token economies  
C)Retail clinics  
D)Hospices

Question 44

Behavior therapists rely heavily on__________. 

A)principles of conditioning and observational learning  
B)practices that reject adaptive behavior patterns  
C)methods that recover repressed childhood memories  
D)the subjective analysis of the mind rather than on measurable behavior

Question 45

In the context of the humanitarian reform movements during the 18th century, which of the following happened when Philippe Pinel, a physician, unchained the patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris?  

A)Patients profited from kindness and freedom. 
B)Patients profited from treatments based on the demonological model of psychological disorders. 
C)Patients failed to reenter society. 
D)People who did not have mental disorders showed symptoms of mental disorders.

Question 46

Prefrontal lobotomy was pioneered by__________. 

A)Antonio Egas Moniz  
B)Fritz Perls  
C)Sigmund Freud  
D)Carl Rogers

Question 47

Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?  

A)Dream analysis  
B)Group therapy  
C)Traditional hypnotherapy  
D)Classical conditioning

Question 48

In Gestalt therapy, a therapist:  

A)leads clients through planned experiences to heighten their awareness of inner conflict. 
B)chooses a nondirective approach. 
C)discourages a client from making free choices. 
D)does not take into account the inner conflicts of a client.

Question 49

In the context of humanistic therapies, client-centered therapists:  

A)should follow a directive approach. 
B)must avoid viewing the world through a client's frame of reference. 
C)must be able to tolerate differentness. 
D)should not be completely honest with their clients to avoid hurting them.

Question 50

__________is associated with client-centered therapy. 

A)Aversive conditioning  
B)Unconditional positive regard  
C)Classical conditioning  
D)Exorcism

Question 51

Which of the following aggravated the psychological problems that inmates of asylums were already facing?  

A)Overcrowding  
B)Humanitarian reform movements  
C)Silence  
D)Early release of inmates

Question 52

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found__________to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes. 

A)confirmation bias  
B)modeling  
C)free association  
D)aversive conditioning

Question 53

In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we _____. 

A)are most likely to develop those parts to which they object  
B)are most likely to be very confident about our identity  
C)may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object  
D)may resolve an unconscious conflict within ourselves

Question 54

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will _____. 

A)stop the production of norepinephrine  
B)stop the production of dopamine  
C)increase sympathetic activity  
D)depress the activity of the central nervous system

Question 55

Perls's ideas about conflicting personality elements owe much to__________. 

A)drive-reduction theory  
B)behavior therapy  
C)operant conditioning procedures  
D)psychodynamic theory

Question 56

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy used by psychotherapists?  

A)It allows the therapist to work with several clients at once. 
B)It guarantees that people reveal their personal problems to group members. 
C)It ensures that people from the same family are not included in the same group. 
D)It allows the therapist to facilitate one-to-one therapy without making the client feel lonely.

Question 57

A(n)__________is best described as a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id. 

A)ego enhancer  
B)ego analyst  
C)humanistic therapist  
D)Gestalt therapist

Question 58

Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapies?  

A)Psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, assume that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts. 
B)Psychodynamic therapies involve the use of a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges. 
C)Psychodynamic therapies are a series of painful punishments, strict diet, and tedious exercises that help people with psychological disorders to lead a physically fit life. 
D)Psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, are methods that cleanse the corrupt and insecure minds of people with psychological disorders through exorcism.

Question 59

Loya, who is suffering from depression after her boyfriend left her, consults a therapist. During their sessions, she often talks to her therapist in a manner similar to how she spoke to her ex-boyfriend. This best exemplifies__________. 

A)resistance  
B)classical conditioning  
C)aversive conditioning  
D)transference

Question 60

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal to help him cope with his work more effectively. In this scenario, Susan is using _____. 

A)classical conditioning  
B)cognitive therapy  
C)dream analysis  
D)traditional hypnotherapy

Question 61

Raul goes to a psychotherapist because he is suffering from insomnia. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. The therapist does not use hypnosis. Through this process, the therapist hopes to gain an insight into the unconscious processes in Raul's mind. The therapist is using the technique of _____. 

A)reinforcement  
B)free association  
C)systematic desensitization  
D)dream analysis

Question 62

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as__________. 

A)benzodiazepines  
B)phenothiazine  
C)carboxylic acids  
D)thiodiphenylamine

Question 63

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?  

A)It focuses directly on one's thoughts and encourages ideas that help one solve problems. 
B)It is based on the assumption that beliefs and attitudes of individuals cannot be changed. 
C)It aims to solve clients' problems using spiritual cleansing approaches. 
D)It emphasizes that childhood trauma is the root cause of all psychological problems.

Question 64

__________was originated by Fritz Perls. 

A)Psychoanalysis therapy  
B)Gestalt therapy  
C)Client-centered therapy  
D)Psychodynamic therapy

Question 65

__________is best described as the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors. 

A)Behavior therapy  
B)Orientation behavior  
C)Hypnotherapy  
D)Dream analysis

Question 66

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?  

A)Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on bio-psychological disorders, while humanistic therapies focus on early childhood experiences. 
B)Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on client-centered therapy, while humanistic therapies focus on the process of transference. 
C)Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now. 
D)Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on unconditional positive regard, while humanistic therapies focus on ego analysis.

Question 67

In the context of biofeedback training, the _____ is a device that is used to monitor muscle tension. 

A)electromyograph  
B)electroencephalograph  
C)spectroheliograph  
D)coronagraph

Question 68

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, _____. 

A)distress is eliminated  
B)defenses are established  
C)internal conflicts are resolved  
D)loss of memory becomes inevitable

Question 69

__________is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas-a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression. 

A)Resistance  
B)Free association  
C)Catharsis  
D)Transference

Question 70

Behavior therapists aid clients in__________. 

A)resolving conflicts between the ego and the superego  
B)the acquisition of adaptive behavior patterns  
C)resolving conflicts between the ego and the id  
D)the acquisition of self-defeating behavior patterns

Question 71

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise:  

A)when the ego fights against the torrents of energy loosed by the id. 
B)because people can never make their own decisions. 
C)from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization. 
D)when the ego fights against the torrents of energy loosed by the superego.

Question 72

Which of the following is a similarity between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?  

A)Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection. 
B)Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy assumes that people seldom don social masks, pretending to be things they are not. 
C)Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy was originated by Carl Rogers. 
D)Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy involves tedious and cruel methods to treat patients with psychological disorders.

Question 73

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using _____. 

A)family therapy  
B)behavioral therapy  
C)client-centered therapy  
D)virtual therapy

Question 74

Behavior therapy _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes. 

A)applies hereditary principles  
B)uses symbolic meanings of maladaptive practices  
C)uses childhood origins of problems  
D)applies principles of learning

Question 75

To help people control alcohol intake, tastes of different alcoholic beverages can be paired with drug-induced nausea and vomiting or with electric shock. This best exemplifies _____. 

A)aversive conditioning  
B)virtual therapy  
C)modeling  
D)biofeedback training

Question 76

Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy methods are _____. 

A)nondirective and passive  
B)directive and passive  
C)active and directive  
D)nondirective and active

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapists?  

A)They unearth the childhood origins of psychological problems in clients. 
B)They discourage clients from gaining insight into behaviors such as feelings of anxiety. 
C)They may help clients identify the symbolic meanings of maladaptive behaviors. 
D)They may help clients become aware of the circumstances in which maladaptive behaviors occur.

Question 78

Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?  

A)Transference  
B)Catharsis  
C)Free association  
D)Resistance

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true of catharsis?  

A)It helps alleviate some of the forces assaulting the ego. 
B)It magnifies the forces that assault the superego. 
C)It supports defensive behavior in a person. 
D)It helps a person repress his or her sadness.

Question 80

Mary and Ted, who are in a relationship, are working with a therapist to strengthen the communication between them and to express their insecurities about the relationship. Mary and Ted are most likely participating in _____. 

A)social skills training  
B)couple therapy  
C)hypnotherapy  
D)classical conditioning