Deck 13: Social Cognition and Moral Development

Question 1

Someone with a belief-desire psychology understands that

A)people do not always hold accurate beliefs,but these beliefs still influence behavior.
B)beliefs accurately reflect what we desire.
C)desires shape our behavior.
D)people develop accurate beliefs based on interactions with others.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a study using the false belief task with four-year-olds of average intelligence,four-year-olds with Down syndrome,and slightly older children with autism,Baron-Cohen found that

A)only the average intelligence children passed the task.
B)both the average intelligence children and the children with Down syndrome passed the task.
C)both the average intelligence children and the children with autism passed the task.
D)all three groups of children passed the task.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What important advance in social cognition generally occurs at age 11 or 12?

A)Children begin to describe others in terms of the activities they engage in.
B)Children begin to describe others in terms of inner psychological traits and characteristics.
C)Children begin to attempt to explain why people do what they do.
D)Children begin to focus heavily on others' physical appearance in their descriptions of them.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Mirror neurons are activated when a person

A)sees someone doing an action they have previously performed .
B)says what someone else is thinking.
C)engages in an activity witnessed the previous day.
D)sees and speaks a word at the same time.

Question 5

What is the most effective way a parent can help instill theory of mind skills in his or her child?

A)Utilize coercive discipline.
B)Encourage the child to consider others' feelings.
C)Discourage empathy.
D)Avoid engaging in joint attention.

Question 6

At or before nine months of age,most children begin to _____.This activity is one of the earliest milestones in developing a theory of mind.

A)delay gratification
B)show prosocial behavior
C)engage in joint attention
D)recognize themselves in a mirror

Question 7

Which is the most developmentally advanced description of a friend?

A)"He is a really good dancer."
B)"He has a cool car and rides around a lot."
C)"He buys me ice cream because he's generous."
D)"He is tall,hairy,and smells like smoke."

Question 8

While watching her friend Veronica picking out a dress,Rosa thinks to herself,"I know that Veronica really likes to look nice and impress the boys.I bet she will pick out a very sexy outfit." Rosa's thoughts indicate that she possesses

A)postconventional moral thought.
B)a morality of justice.
C)joint attention.
D)a theory of mind.

Question 9

Pedro has just come to realize that while his dad,Carlos,believes that the Mets are the best professional baseball team,his uncle Alex feels just as strongly that the Yankees are the best team.The realization that two people can have different opinions indicates that Pedro possesses

A)belief-psychology.
B)preconventional morality.
C)power assertion.
D)joint attention.

Question 10

Jaycee,who is two years old,loves cupcakes and hates fruit pie.She has observed that her mother hates cupcakes and loves fruit pies.If Jaycee were handed a plate with a piece of pie and a different plate with a cupcake,and was asked to give one to her mother,she would most likely

A)hand mom the pie.
B)hand mom the cupcake.
C)hand mom both plates.
D)keep both plates for herself.

Question 11

Why do autistic children have difficulty passing the false belief task?

A)They lack the general intelligence.
B)They lack the linguistic skills.
C)They lack a theory of mind.
D)They engage in too many stereotyped movements.

Question 12

Which is the LEAST developmentally advanced description of a friend?

A)"He has a big head and blue eyes."
B)"He is pretty good at math."
C)"He is so smart that everyone likes him."
D)"He sometimes is nice and other times is mean."

Question 13

Which neurological component has been implicated in the development of a theory of mind?

A)Mirror neurons
B)Glial cells
C)amygdala
D)hypothalamus

Question 14

Zola puts her toys away in the toy chest and goes to eat dinner.Her brother,unbeknownst to her,decides to take all of her toys and put them under his bed.As a child who has a theory of mind,when Zola returns after dinner,she will

A)look for her toys in the toy chest.
B)look for her toys where her brother has hidden them.
C)not remember anything about her toys.
D)try to think of where her brother likes to hide things.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the development of role-taking skills?

A)It is not until at least age 20 that people are able to include a mental perspective of some "generalized other."
B)By age four,most children understand that parents may not think the way they do.
C)Concrete-operational thinkers are capable of simultaneously considering several different points of view.
D)Considering a situation from different points of view increases the quality of social relationships.

Question 16

Georgia sees her friend Bill running down the street.Without warning,Bill falls flat on his face.While Georgia finds this funny,she does not laugh because she knows that Bill does not find this funny.In not laughing,Georgia is demonstrating

A)egocentrism.
B)role-taking skills.
C)morality of justice.
D)prosocial behavior.

Question 17

Which provides the best example of a perspective-taking skill?

A)Understanding that the person across the table has beliefs in direct opposition to yours.
B)Believing that your position on an issue is the most accurate.
C)Realizing that an object hidden in one place may have been moved to another place.
D)Deciding that the most moral decisions are ones in which you personally benefit.

Question 18

Davis was born deaf to deaf parents who signed to him at an early age.How would this be most likely to affect his acquisition of a theory of mind?

A)He would show slightly slower development than that of a sensory-normal child.
B)He would show a similar development as that of a Down syndrome child.
C)He would show a similar development as that of an autistic child.
D)He would show similar development to that of a sensory-normal child.

Question 19

How would a typical four-year-old most likely describe his sister?

A)"She is kind of is moody."
B)"She eats corn flakes."
C)"She is a good friend."
D)"Everyone says she's smart."

Question 20

The best description of the development of social cognitive skills during adulthood is,

A)"if you use it,you will lose it."
B)"a time of steady decline."
C)"more gains than losses."
D)"a dramatic shift from postconventional to conventional."

Question 21

Who is experiencing an empathic response?

A)Lily,who is depressed because she lost her job
B)Hector,who feels bad that he did not give money to a street person
C)Priya,who cries watching a mother talk about losing her son to gang violence
D)Bao,who is excited about going on his first date

Question 22

Regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development,which of the following is particularly instrumental in promoting movement from one level of moral development to the next?

A)perspective-taking
B)object permanence
C)theory of mind
D)disengagement

Question 23

Kohlberg's highest stage of moral reasoning involves

A)authority and social order-maintaining morality.
B)individual rights and democratically accepted law.
C)individual principles of conscience.
D)instrumental hedonism.

Question 24

Which theoretical perspective tends to focus the most attention on the development of moral reasoning?

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Social learning
C)Classical conditioning
D)Cognitive developmental

Question 25

Empathy refers to

A)vicariously experiencing another's feelings.
B)reading minds.
C)being able to resist temptation.
D)knowing that someone holds a false belief.

Question 26

Which statement reflects Kohlberg's conventional morality?

A)Do your own thing.
B)It's me against the world.
C)Rules are made to be broken.
D)Buckle up,it's the law.

Question 27

Dawn wanted a doll but didn't have money to buy one.At the mall,when she thought no one was looking,Dawn slipped one into her bag and left without paying for it.Later,when she was playing with it,Dawn found she wasn't enjoying herself and felt bad that she had stolen the toy.Taking the doll from the store represents the _____ component of morality,while the fact that Dawn felt badly represents the _____ component of morality.

A)emotional;cognitive
B)behavioral;emotional
C)cognitive;emotional
D)behavioral;cognitive

Question 28

Macy really wants the cool new jacket she has just seen in the store,but doesn't have enough money to buy it.She thinks about stealing the jacket but decides that while stealing is not wrong,she might get punished if she is caught.Macy's moral reasoning appears to be at Kohlberg's _____ level.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)unconventional

Question 29

Which of the following would Kohlberg consider the LEAST sophisticated stage of moral thinking?

A)Authority and social order-maintaining morality
B)Morality of contract,individual rights,and democratically accepted law
C)Morality of individual principles of conscience
D)Instrumental hedonism

Question 30

Which statement provides the best example of the morality of instrumental hedonism?

A)Doing evil is fun.
B)Wrong is always wrong.
C)I steal for you,you steal for me.
D)The law determines right from wrong.

Question 31

Which statement is the best example of postconventional moral reasoning?

A)While it may be legally wrong,it is morally right.
B)Depending on what I get out of the deal,it may be right.
C)My intent is to be nice.
D)Rules are not meant to be broken.

Question 32

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

A)Doing chores to earn allowance
B)Driving no faster than the speed limit
C)Getting homework done on time
D)Stopping to help a stranger change a flat tire

Question 33

Sanjay refuses to pay income tax because he believes that the government uses tax revenue to support war efforts,and he doesn't believe that violence is an acceptable way to solve problems.He is willing to go to jail for his belief.Sanjay is best classified as being in Kohlberg's _____ level of moral development.

A)premoral
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Question 34

According to Piaget,the moral reasoning of children ages 6 to 10 emphasizes

A)religious teachings.
B)intentions.
C)parental beliefs.
D)outcomes.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of the emotional component of morality?

A)Knowing that you made the right decision in a difficult situation
B)Feeling good about giving money to charity
C)Taking some food from the cafeteria without paying for it
D)Jumping up and down in joy after you win the lottery

Question 36

Cognitive developmental theorists tend to view moral reasoning as involving

A)the progression through an invariant sequence of ways of thinking.
B)a set of behaviors acquired through observation.
C)a battle between id,ego,and superego.
D)a genetic predisposition toward helping that is based on the evolutionary need to survive.

Question 37

Mr.Acosta's son Jose is a menace.He is cruel to animals and often shoplifts.In attempting to explain Jose's morals,Mr.Acosta says,"I think that his moral habits were learned by watching bad television shows." Mr.Acosta's comments are best associated with the _____ view concerning moral behavior.

A)psychodynamic
B)evolutionary
C)social learning theory
D)cognitive developmental

Question 38

Kohlberg's theory of moral development claims that

A)regression from a higher to a lower stage of moral reasoning is quite common.
B)through an exploration of moral dilemmas,it is possible to teach someone to skip over the lower stages of moral development.
C)the sequence of stages one goes through may vary from one culture to another.
D)a person's stage of moral development is determined by the person's thoughts,rather than his or her actions.

Question 39

According to Piaget,around age 10 or 11,children begin to view rules as

A)moral absolutes.
B)universal.
C)agreements among individuals.
D)more important than intent.

Question 40

An individual who is at Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development is most likely to

A)do anything to avoid being punished.
B)do something nice for someone so that the individual will be rewarded in return.
C)ignore the intent of an act and focus on its impact.
D)behave in ways that earn the approval and avoid the disapproval of others.

Question 41

The fact that a fearful child may become more anxious when disciplined than a fearless child best demonstrates how the factor of _____ can impact moral development.

A)vicarious consequences
B)temperament
C)observational learning
D)unconscious desires

Question 42

Ned tells his son Jacob,"For hitting your brother,you need to be disciplined,so get ready for a spanking." Ned's parenting approach to moral development best matches with the parenting style referred to as

A)power assertion.
B)induction.
C)love withdrawal.
D)empathy.

Question 43

Winston sees his brother steal a pack of gum from the drug store and get away with it.The next time Winston goes to the drug store,he steals a pack of gum.According to the _____ perspective on moral development,Winston's behavior is the result of _____.

A)psychoanalytic;observational learning
B)cognitive developmental;an underdeveloped superego
C)social learning;observational learning
D)psychoanalytic;a weak ego

Question 44

Harvey practically killed his pet hamster when he popped him in the tub for a bubble bath.His parents take an inductive approach in responding to this situation by

A)giving the hamster away so Harvey can't do any more damage.
B)spanking Harvey for doing the wrong thing.
C)explaining to Harvey that hamsters don't like baths and can get sick or die from getting too wet.
D)telling Harvey he's a very mean little boy and they are very disappointed in him.

Question 45

Carlos believes that rules such as "don't hit" are more important than "don't eat food in the living room." If Carlos is a normally developing child,what is the earliest age at which he would have come to such a conclusion?

A)2 years
B)6 years
C)10 years
D)14 years

Question 46

Highly aggressive youth tend to

A)belong to groups in which bullying is seen as a punishable offense.
B)consider a variety of reactions before acting aggressively.
C)be highly accepted by most of their age peers.
D)believe that their aggressive acts will produce positive consequences.

Question 47

Which decision is a highly aggressive youth most likely to make when a classmate runs into her in the hallway?

A)Concluding that violent actions lead to bad consequences
B)Deciding to set a goal of becomes friends with the classmate
C)Assuming that the classmate's intent was to hurt her
D)Assuming that the incident was an accident

Question 48

Research on antisocial behavior has shown that

A)most antisocial teens grow up to be antisocial adults.
B)juvenile delinquents are more likely to be conventional thinkers.
C)aggressive children tend not to display antisocial behavior until early adulthood.
D)aggressive youth tend to show less empathy.

Question 49

Throughout adolescence,there is a decrease in _____ moral reasoning and an increase in _____ moral reasoning.

A)conventional;postconventional
B)preconventional;conventional
C)conventional;preconventional
D)rule-based;social-conventional

Question 50

Sitting in your assigned seat in school is best classified as a

A)moral rule.
B)prosocial behavior.
C)social-conventional rule.
D)mutually responsive orientation.

Question 51

Which action is the best example of a power assertion form of discipline?

A)Telling a child that you hate him
B)Taking away a child's television privileges
C)Telling a child that a child who gets hit feels bad
D)Taking away parental love from a child

Question 52

Ira has just stolen a purse from a woman on the subway.He then says to himself,"If that woman really wanted her purse,she would have held it closer to her body." This statement provides a good example of

A)morality of justice.
B)moral disengagement.
C)autonomous morality.
D)power assertion.

Question 53

How do newborns demonstrate a sense of empathy?

A)They become distressed when other infants cry.
B)They look at objects that their parents are looking at.
C)They prefer to be held by other children versus an adult.
D)They pass the false belief task.

Question 54

Which piece of advice would be LEAST effective for a parent trying to foster moral development in a toddler?

A)Discuss the toddler's behavior openly with them.
B)Express your feelings.
C)Minimize the results of a child's actions.
D)Establish a positive and cooperative relationship with the child.

Question 55

Turiel made a distinction between "moral" rules and "social-conventional" rules.Which statement best exemplifies the concept of a moral rule?

A)Don't run in the halls.
B)Don't take things that don't belong to you.
C)Don't chew gum in school.
D)Don't sneak snacks into the movie theater.

Question 56

When two-year-old Simoné sees her friend start to cry when his ice cream cone falls to the ground,she walks over and hands him her cone.In performing this act,Simoné is demonstrating

A)amoral behavior.
B)postconventional morality.
C)spirituality.
D)empathy.

Question 57

Evolutionary theorists have argued that it is in our genetic self-interest to be altruistic because

A)it perfectly matches the premise of survival of the fittest.
B)helping our kin may allow our genes to be passed along.
C)the more we help,the better spouse we will attain.
D)chromosome 13 has been found to have a specific "helping gene."

Question 58

Every time his daughter Morgan swears (something he does not like),Lou walks away from her (pays her no attention).This strategy provides a good example of the _____ parental approach.

A)power assertion
B)induction
C)love withdrawal
D)empathy

Question 59

Moral disengagement

A)tends to only be found in individuals with conduct disorders.
B)allows a person to justify his or her own immoral behavior.
C)is a basic component of the theory of mind.
D)is found exclusively in premoral thinkers.

Question 60

Children as young as _____ have been shown to display visible signs of distress when they violate some standard of behavior.

A)newborns
B)two years old
C)four years old
D)six years old

Question 61

Miyako watches her son Daichi run out of the house on a chilly spring day in a light t-shirt."He'll be back for a jacket in a few minutes," she thinks to herself.Sure enough,Daichi suddenly bursts in,grabs his jacket,and runs out again.What led Miyako to accurately predict her son's behavior? 

A)empathy
B)desire psychology
C)social convention
D)theory of mind

Question 62

When Lamont saw Debbie looking at her neighbor's paper during the spelling test,he immediately raised his hand and told the teacher that Debbie was cheating.Which component of morality is Lamont demonstrating? 

A)cognitive
B)reciprocal
C)behavioral
D)emotional

Question 63

According to Greene,there is a(n)_____ process that allows us to automatically focus on the harm that would be caused were we to violate a moral principle.

A)intuitive
B)deliberative
C)cognitive
D)controlled

Question 64

What is the underlying concept of the false belief task?

A)discerning between right and wrong
B)setting aside moral considerations
C)understanding what others think
D)pretending to feel sympathy for people

Question 65

Matthew works regularly with an autism counselor at his school.Today the focus is practicing emotional response,because Matthew generally has no reaction if a classmate displays sadness or anger or joy.Matthew's behavior is a symptom of his ________.

A)love withdrawal
B)moral disengagement
C)mind blindness
D)conduct disorder

Question 66

Which of the following demonstrates that infants have a conceptual understanding of morality?

A)offering to help someone perform a task
B)giving a hug to someone who is upset
C)expressing surprise at an unfair situation
D)playing together nicely with others

Question 67

Cross-cultural findings support the ______ perspective on moral development.

A)cognitive-developmental
B)psychodynamic
C)social learning
D)interactionist

Question 68

Which of the following situations reflects a theory of mind?

A)April touches the hot stove and pulls her hand away.
B)Donna drinks water to quench her thirst in the hot sun.
C)Jorge wants a cookie so he gets one from the cabinet.
D)Tuan cries because he has a fever and a headache.

Question 69

When considering social cognitive causes of aggression,concern over a person's levels of impulsivity best reflect the extent to which the problem is due to _____ one thinks.

A)how
B)what
C)whether
D)where

Question 70

Regarding moral development in adulthood,which is true?

A)Moral development in older males progresses at a faster rate than in older females.
B)Moral reasoning deteriorates significantly in old age.
C)The majority of older adults are preconventional thinkers.
D)Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood.

Question 71

Why is pretend play important for the development of social cognition?

A)It demands joint attention.
B)It takes place in the mind. 
C)It requires cooperation.
D)It follows common rules.

Question 72

Which statement concerning the role of genetics in determining aggression is true?

A)Behavioral geneticists suggest that 90 percent of aggression can be accounted for by genetics.
B)The fact that males can only have a limited number of children contributes significantly to their evolutionary-based levels of aggression.
C)Children who inherit a predisposition toward aggression may evoke aggressive reactions from their parents.
D)Having parents and children who are both genetically predisposed toward aggression tends to result in a paradox effect,which results in little aggression by either child or parent.

Question 73

After sitting on the bench for 15 minutes with the wallet she found,Bonnie decided that a person walking around with $1500 in their pocket clearly didn't have money problems,so she decided to keep the cash and pay off her bills.Which component of morality is Bonnie demonstrating as she sits on the bench?

A)cognitive
B)withdrawal
C)behavioral
D)emotional

Question 74

According to Haidt's evolutionary theory,humans have evolved as a species in which

A)quick moral intuitions are common and critical.
B)females are better at suppressing amoral tendencies than males.
C)moral decision-making is based solely on situational context.
D)most moral decision-making involves long,deliberative reasoning.

Question 75

Persons in collectivist cultures may look like they are at Kohlberg's _____ of moral reasoning despite having sophisticated ideas about justice.

A)stage 2 
B)stage 3 
C)stage 4
D)stage 5 

Question 76

After picking him up from the principal's office,Joel talked with his son Taye about the incident at school."I bet you were upset that Donte's painting was picked to be in the lobby,but it's not appropriate to hit him.How do you think he feels,with his best friend giving him a black eye?" What is Joel demonstrating with Taye?

A)power assertion
B)prosocial behavior
C)mind-mindedness
D)positive youth development

Question 77

At the vaccination clinic,as soon as the first baby received the injection and started crying,all the other babies in the nurse practitioner's office burst into tears.These infants are demonstrating ________. 

A)reciprocity
B)prosocial behavior
C)induction
D)empathy

Question 78

Kohlberg's model of moral development has been characterized as placing too great an emphasis on

A)genes.
B)moral reasoning.
C)peers.
D)unconscious motivation.

Question 79

Concerning the developmental pattern of religiosity and spirituality,

A)religiosity is strongest in middle age.
B)levels of spirituality are lower than religiosity throughout adulthood.
C)spirituality declines significantly in old age (particularly among women).
D)adolescents tend to be neither spiritual nor show religiosity.

Question 80

Which of the following best reflects the concept of social cognition?

A)acting appropriately with others
B)thinking about how people function
C)sharing emotions with groups
D)avoiding unlawful behaviors