Deck 6: A: Learning

Question 1

Floyd had been working at Qualton Enterprises for two years when his boss asked to see him in her office.The boss told Floyd he was being laid off as a result of company downsizing.Floyd could feel his heart pounding as he listened to the news.Floyd has a new job,but every time his new boss asks to talk to him in private,Floyd feels a little faint.What term is used to describe the event of Floyd's new boss asking for a private talk in this example

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response

Answer 1

 conditioned stimulus 

Question 2

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend.When the band started playing "Fever," her boyfriend gave her a long,passionate kiss.Now,when Holly hears "Fever," she becomes a little flushed.What is the conditioned stimulus,in this example

A) the flushing she experiences when she hears the song 
B) the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend 
C) the song "Fever" 
D) the long, passionate kiss

Answer 2

 the song "Fever" 

Question 3

Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for eight months when her boss called her to his office.The boss told Veronica she was being laid off.Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news.Veronica got a new job,but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private,Veronica feels a little faint.What is the unconditioned response in this example

A) her new boss asking for a private meeting 
B) her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off 
C) the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private 
D) the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries

Answer 3

 her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off 

Question 4

Nadja used to really enjoy potato salad,and at a recent family reunion,she ate a large helping.Unfortunately,the potato salad had gone bad,and Nadja became quite ill after eating it.Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach.What is the sick feeling Nadja experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store in this example

A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned response

Question 5

What is a conditioned stimulus

A) an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning 
B) a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response and can do so regardless of any additional learning 
C) a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response 
D) a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 6

What could be accounted for by classical conditioning

A) learning fear of the dark 
B) learning to sing a song 
C) learning to tie shoelaces 
D) learning to print letters

Question 7

Which response by dogs in Pavlov's laboratory triggered Pavlov's interest in conditioning

A) failure to salivate when food was placed in their mouths 
B) salivation right after they had swallowed food 
C) salivation only when food was placed in their mouths 
D) salivation right before food was placed in their mouths

Question 8

One Saturday,Adhar was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Adhar he had just won a $500 gift certificate.He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500.Now Adhar finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring,he feels a little surge of excitement.What is the conditioned response in this example

A) the ringing of a telephone 
B) the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate 
C) the surge of excitement he feels whenever the telephone rings 
D) the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate

Question 9

What is the major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

A) the order in which they are presented 
B) during conditioning, the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases 
C) one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not 
D) the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits

Question 10

What conclusion can we draw as a result of decades of research on animal models of learning

A) Research on animals examines animal behaviour and physiology, but not learning. 
B) Learning in animals is instinctive and includes no cognitive intervention. 
C) Many principles of learning discovered in animal research apply to humans. 
D) Animal learning can be applied to humans, but only in terms of reflexive behaviour.

Question 11

In classical conditioning,what is the stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a response as a result of learning

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned response 
C) unconditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned response

Question 12

What is the definition of learning,according to your text

A) any change in behaviour or knowledge 
B) changes in human behaviour as a result of knowledge or direct instruction 
C) a relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience 
D) an intentional change in voluntary behaviour or knowledge

Question 13

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend.When the band played "Love Song," his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss.Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Love Song" on the radio,he becomes mildly excited.What is the kiss in this example

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned response 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) conditioned response

Question 14

A neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.What is this process called

A) instrumental conditioning 
B) Skinnerian conditioning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) classical conditioning

Question 15

Conditioning is a specific type of learning.What does it involve

A) changing your response to stimuli as you age 
B) controlled laboratory experiments, rather than real-world applications 
C) learning associations between events that occur in the environment 
D) repeated presentations of noxious stimuli

Question 16

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate.What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response

Question 17

What is the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response in classical conditioning

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned reinforcer 
C) unconditioned reinforcer 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

Carson used to really enjoy lime sherbet,and when he was in Mexico,he tried frozen lime margaritas.After his fourth margarita,Carson became extremely ill.Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy.What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example

A) the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet 
B) the sight of lime sherbet 
C) the lime margaritas that Carson consumed 
D) the illness that followed the fourth margarita

Question 19

One Saturday,Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1,000 gift certificate.She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1,000.Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring,she feels a surge of excitement.What is the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won in this example

A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning

A) the presentation of meat powder following a tone 
B) the sound of a tone 
C) salivation elicited by meat powder 
D) salivation elicited by a tone

Question 21

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors,in peaceful settings,away from the hustle and bustle of big cities.The company hopes that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about its cars.Which learning principle is this particular automaker attempting to use

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) observational learning 
D) noncontingent reinforcement

Question 22

A woman reports feeling happy whenever she smells hot dogs and campfires because of the association of these smells with her favourite family vacations.What is the combined smell of hot dogs and campfires in this example

A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

Quyen woke up one night with a spider dangling in front of her face.She screamed,and from that point on,she could not stand to be near spiders.What caused Quyen's fear of spiders

A) observational learning 
B) a response-outcome association 
C) operant conditioning 
D) classical conditioning

Question 24

What is the irrational fear and anxiety that a person experiences in a phobia,from a classical conditioning perspective

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned response 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 25

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner paired the presentation of a rate and a loud,startling sound to an 11-month old boy known as "Little Albert." In this class psychological experiment,what was the conditioned stimulus

A) fear 
B) loud gong 
C) white rat 
D) lab assistant

Question 26

What could be accounted for by classical conditioning

A) learning to play baseball 
B) learning to hate the smell of hot dogs that once made you sick 
C) learning to talk 
D) learning to avoid shopping in a store with bad customer service

Question 27

Darcy feels happy whenever she smells pancakes cooking because of the association of these smells with her grandmother.What is her happiness in this example

A) unconditioned response 
B) conditioned response 
C) unconditioned stimulus 
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 28

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume,and he always smelled it when she hugged him.Today,whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume,it makes him feel calm and relaxed.Which learning process best accounts for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume

A) operant conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) delayed reinforcement

Question 29

After a painful experience,Sebastien cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.What term applies to Sebastien's cringing in the waiting room in this example

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned response 
C) unconditioned stimulus 
D) conditioned response

Question 30

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,hoping that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings.Which learning principles are advertisers using

A) observational learning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) instrumental conditioning

Question 31

Which term refers to the form of classical conditioning that is used by advertising campaigns to alter the preferences or attitudes of consumers

A) evaluative conditioning 
B) persuasive conditioning 
C) manipulative conditioning 
D) preferential conditioning

Question 32

Terrence uses opiate drugs daily.He normally takes his pills in the morning,right after he has a shower.If Terrance has developed tolerance to these pills,what is likely to happen after his shower if Terrance does NOT take the pills

A) The shower will elicit unconditioned compensatory responses, which will result in an experience of pain. 
B) The shower will elicit unconditioned stimuli, which will counteract any withdrawal symptoms that he experiences. 
C) The shower will elicit conditioned responses, which will be experienced as a placebo effect. 
D) The shower will elicit conditioned compensatory responses, which will be experienced as withdrawal.

Question 33

A woman reports feeling happy when she smells fresh hay and manure because of the association of these smells with wonderful visits to her grandparents' farm.How did the positive emotional response that this woman experiences develop

A) operant conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) instrumental conditioning

Question 34

What is the initial stage of learning a response called

A) acquisition 
B) contiguity 
C) conditioning 
D) extinction

Question 35

After a painful experience,Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.What is the pain of dental drilling in this example

A) unconditioned response 
B) conditioned response 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 36

Ming is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.Which learning process can best account for Ming's fear of spiders

A) operant conditioning 
B) delayed reinforcement 
C) classical conditioning 
D) observational learning

Question 37

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin.She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment,and always uses the same administration routine.What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location,using a different routine

A) She will experience a placebo effect. 
B) She will be at risk of overdose. 
C) The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high." 
D) She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms.

Question 38

Larry has an allergic reaction to the pollen in a lot of different types of flowers.One day,he started sneezing when he saw a bouquet of artificial flowers on the table.Even though the flowers were not real,they elicited an allergic response from Larry.In this example,what are the fake flowers

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) conditioned response

Question 39

According to Pavlov,what is necessary for classical conditioning to occur

A) the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli must occur together in time and space 
B) the use of sign-stimuli to prevent resistance to extinction 
C) a very strong unconditioned stimulus 
D) a very intense conditioned stimulus

Question 40

According to research,which process can influence drug tolerances

A) instrumental conditioning 
B) instinctive drift 
C) classical conditioning 
D) sensory adaptation

Question 41

When Luis was a child,he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother always wore.He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom.As an adult,Luis feels calm and contented when he smells any floral scent,including lilacs and wildflowers.What process does this illustrate

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) instinctive drift 
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 42

Ken used to drool when he smelled cookies baking.However,Ken's new roommate makes terrible cookies,and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience.Consequently,Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation.Which classical conditioning process does this illustrate

A) extinction 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) avoidance 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization

A) There is a close temporal contiguity between two stimuli. 
B) An organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. 
C) An organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning. 
D) An unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response.

Question 44

On Tuesday morning,Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of cereal with milk,fruit,and black coffee.However,instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast as she normally does,she tried eating mango for the first time.Later she became extremely ill.If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items,which food will elicit the conditioned response

A) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast 
B) mango, because it was a novel stimulus 
C) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant 
D) milk, because the milk may have been sour

Question 45

You have conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a flashing green light.What would you expect to happen if you continue to pair the green light with food,but periodically present a white light that is NOT followed by food

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) extinction 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) response attenuation

Question 46

When Diana was three years old,she became terrified when the neighbour's pet parrot kept flying near her head.Today she is afraid of all birds,including robins,pigeons,and blue jays.What process does this illustrate

A) negative avoidance 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) instinctive drift 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 47

What do the renewal effect and spontaneous recovery both suggest about extinction

A) Extinction permanently erases conditioned responses. 
B) Extinction suppresses, but does not erase, a learned association. 
C) Extinction has a permanent effect only in animals, not in people. 
D) Extinction alters the meaning of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 48

The continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response.What is this phenomenon called

A) conditioned forgetting 
B) extinction 
C) suppression 
D) inhibition

Question 49

What is typical about the recovered response when a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery

A) It is stronger than the previously conditioned response. 
B) It occurs before the conditioned stimulus. 
C) It is weaker than the previously conditioned response. 
D) It changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 50

Alex quit smoking and his cravings for cigarettes have reduced significantly.One day he had very strong cravings again as he was walking home from work.If Alex asked you for advice,which of the following would be an appropriate response

A) If the cravings came back, then he might never be able to truly get rid of his addiction. 
B) If the cravings came back, then it is evidence of a biological rather than psychological addiction. 
C) Spontaneous recovery is triggered by the drug, so he must not have quit completely. 
D) Spontaneous recovery of those cravings is normal, and it will diminish over time.

Question 51

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang.One day,the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home,and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction.Today,the response has spontaneously recovered,but what should Anthony expect if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again

A) It would take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction. 
B) It would take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction. 
C) It would take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction. 
D) It would be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 52

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer.This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water.She was eagerly anticipating an upcoming rafting trip; however,as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again.What process does this illustrate

A) higher-order conditioning 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 53

What should you present to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response

A) extra pairings of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
B) the conditioned stimulus alone several times 
C) the unconditioned stimulus alone several times 
D) the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus several times

Question 54

Carly used to get very anxious in the waiting room at her doctor's office because it was associated with the pain of having blood drawn.Recently,Carly's doctor retired,and a new doctor took over his office.Carly's new doctor uses a technique that is virtually painless,and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain.Consequently,Carly finds her anxiety in the waiting room has disappeared.Which classical conditioning process does this illustrate

A) avoidance 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) extinction 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 55

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone,Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food.What did the dog do

A) It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone. 
B) It stopped responding immediately. 
C) It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before. 
D) It gradually stopped responding to the tone.

Question 56

Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard.As the winter progressed,and he had no further accidents,Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had disappeared.To his surprise,this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall as he was driving,he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling.What does this illustrate

A) extinction 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) higher-order conditioning 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 57

Chad learned to fear dogs on his grandparents' farm because the dogs there would often bite him.Back in the city,he lost his fear of dogs because he always had good interactions with dogs there.Which phenomena is likely to occur when he returns to his grandparents' farm

A) extinction 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) response renewal 
D) superstitious responding

Question 58

Which term refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest

A) disinhibition 
B) reconditioning 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 59

Cody developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plane through some severe turbulence.He has been seeing a therapist,and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished.The therapist used a flight simulator to help Cody practise his piloting skills in a safe setting.However,the first time Cody stepped back into a real plane,his fear returned.What phenomenon does this illustrate

A) negative reinforcement 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) renewal effect 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 60

When would you expect the greatest degree of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

A) when auditory stimulation is used rather than visual stimulation 
B) when tactile stimulation is used rather than auditory stimulation 
C) when stimuli are very similar to the original conditioned stimulus 
D) when stimuli are very different from the original conditioned stimulus

Question 61

Six-year-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it.Last week she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of helium balloons.Now she is also afraid of clowns,even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped.Kristen's fear of clowns illustrates which classical conditioning process

A) instinctive drift 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) renewal effect 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 62

Trevor gets picked on by bullies whenever he walks near the gym.Bradley gets picked on sometimes when he goes near the gym,but not usually.According to Rescorla's signal relations model of classical conditioning,who will experience more fear near the gym

A) Trevor will, because he has experienced more physical pain. 
B) Bradley will, because his experience has been less predictable. 
C) Bradley will, because his response will have generalized more fully. 
D) Trevor will, because the gym serves as a better predictor.

Question 63

Rover gets fed whenever his owner opens the refrigerator.Fluffy gets fed about every third time that her owner opens the refrigerator.Which pet will get most excited when the refrigerator is opened

A) Rover will, because the open door is a better predictor of food. 
B) Rover will, because his response will have discriminated more fully. 
C) Fluffy will, because the feedings have been less predictable and more spontaneous. 
D) Fluffy will, because the refrigerator door is a more salient cue.

Question 64

According to Rescorla's signal relations model of classical conditioning,which of the following will result in a stronger conditional response

A) a weaker conditional stimulus 
B) a conditional stimulus that is always paired with the unconditional stimulus 
C) a stronger unconditional response 
D) an unconditional stimulus that always elicits an unconditional response

Question 65

Which issue is emphasized by research into signal relations,response-outcome relations,and observational learning

A) the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations 
B) the distinction between acquisition of behaviour and the performance of behaviour 
C) the role of cognitive processes in learning 
D) the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning

Question 66

Rafael's brother always says,"I'm going to get you," just before he hits Rafael.Alan's brother sometimes says,"I'm going to get you" just before he hits Alan; other times he says the words but doesn't actually hit Alan.What should you predict about Rafael's response when the boys hear the words "I'm going to get you," based on the work by Rescorla

A) Rafael's will be an unconditioned response. 
B) Rafael's will be a stronger conditioned response than Alan's. 
C) Rafael's will be a conditioned response, while Alan will show an unconditioned response. 
D) Rafael's will be a weaker conditioned response than Alan will show.

Question 67

When Lindsay was 9 years old,the neighbour's Chihuahua bit her on the ankle.Today Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas,but she likes almost all other types of dogs.What does Lindsay's specific fear illustrate

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) instinctive drift 
D) negative avoidance

Question 68

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone.Then a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials.Finally,the light is presented alone,and the dog salivates.What is this procedure called

A) sensory preconditioning 
B) chaining 
C) compound conditioning 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 69

If a pigeon is fearful in the presence of a blue light and not a yellow light,what has the pigeon learned

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) conditioned emotional reactions 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 70

You eat a new food at a party and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting.Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food.Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room,the people present,or the music playing

A) You are biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B) There was less contiguity for the other cues. 
C) The taste cues were more immediate. 
D) The nontaste cues were too weak.

Question 71

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials.Group B rats get the same,but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer).Which of the following should you predict

A) Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
B) Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly. 
C) Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
D) Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer.

Question 72

What is the single best way to ensure a strong conditioned response,according to Rescorla

A) Ensure that the conditional stimulus remains constantly present throughout training. 
B) Present the conditioned stimulus sometimes when the unconditioned stimulus is not present. 
C) Ensure that the conditioned stimulus is the most predictive signal for the unconditioned stimulus. 
D) Ensure that the conditional stimulus is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained.

Question 73

In classical conditioning,a subject can learn to respond to one conditioned stimulus but not to another similar stimulus.What is this phenomenon called

A) stimulus generalization 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) conditioned forgetting 
D) extinction

Question 74

Which of the following is most consistent with higher-order conditioning

A) A conditioned stimulus functions like an unconditioned stimulus. 
B) An unconditioned stimulus functions like a conditioned stimulus. 
C) A conditioned response functions like an unconditioned response. 
D) An unconditioned response functions like a conditioned response.

Question 75

How are new conditioned responses created in higher-order conditioning

A) They are built on the foundation of innate unconditioned responses. 
B) They are conditioned by repeatedly pairing them with discriminative stimuli. 
C) They are facilitated by sensory adaptation. 
D) They are built on the foundation of previously established conditioned responses.

Question 76

According to the studies by Garcia and his colleagues,which of the following is most easily associated with a flavour

A) unconditioned stimulus of shock 
B) nausea-inducing unconditioned stimulus 
C) visual unconditioned stimulus 
D) auditory unconditioned stimulus

Question 77

Why did the experience that Seligman had with sauce béarnaise change his understanding of conditioning

A) It suggested that operant conditioning dynamics take precedence over classical conditioning principles when it comes to learning about food. 
B) It demonstrated that discriminative cues can lose their predictive influence in a fairly short period of time. 
C) It revealed that a conditioned response could be established even though there was a long delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
D) It suggested that generalization is more pervasive than originally thought.

Question 78

When Antonio was sick as a child,his mother would always make him vanilla pudding.To Antonio it seemed like the vanilla pudding made him feel better.Even now,he still gets a good feeling when he starts to prepare some vanilla pudding,but NOT when he starts to make any other type of pudding.What process does this illustrate

A) stimulus generalization 
B) instinctive drift 
C) stimulus discrimination 
D) negative avoidance

Question 79

You have conditioned a fear response to a 1000-Hz tone.Now the tone is paired with a green light.Later,the green light alone elicits fear.What is this process called

A) discriminated conditioned responding 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) instinctive drift

Question 80

Clara and Ashley ate dinner at a new restaurant last night.The entire restaurant was decorated in green,and the sound of waterfalls played in the background.Both Clara and Ashley ordered "trapper casserole," which tasted like nothing they had ever eaten before.Four hours after they had eaten,they both started vomiting violently and were taken to the hospital by ambulance,with the sirens wailing.What is most likely to elicit conditioned responses from Clara and Ashley,based on research conducted by Garcia and his colleagues

A) anything that is coloured green 
B) foods that smell like trapper casserole 
C) the sound of sirens 
D) the sound of falling water