Question 1

Jane was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt.Now she no longer wears that style of shirt to school.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  modelling 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  modelling 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement C

Question 2

Provide specific,everyday examples (for instance,from child-rearing)of the following operant-conditioning phenomena: positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment.

Accepted Answer

In evaluating students' examples,make certain they know the difference between negative reinforcement (removal of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a desired response being made)and punishment (presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a pleasant stimulus that is contingent on an undesired response being made).Also ensure that the answers clearly indicate that both positive and negative reinforcement would produce an increase in the target behaviour,and that only punishment would produce a decrease in the target behaviour.

Question 3

What is a conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A)  an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning 
B)  a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response and can do so regardless of any additional learning 
C)  a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response 
D)  a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning 
A)  an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning 
B)  a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response and can do so regardless of any additional learning 
C)  a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response 
D)  a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning C

Question 4

You eat a new food at a party and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting.Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food.Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room,the people present,or the music playing

Accepted Answer

A)  You are biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B)  There was less contiguity for the other cues. 
C)  The taste cues were more immediate. 
D)  The nontaste cues were too weak. 
A)  You are biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B)  There was less contiguity for the other cues. 
C)  The taste cues were more immediate. 
D)  The nontaste cues were too weak.

Question 5

Through which of the following is avoidance conditioning maintained

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 6

When Lindsay was 9 years old,the neighbour's Chihuahua bit her on the ankle.Today Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas,but she likes almost all other types of dogs.What does Lindsay's specific fear illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  instinctive drift 
D)  negative avoidance 
A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  instinctive drift 
D)  negative avoidance

Question 7

Conditioning is a specific type of learning.What does it involve

Accepted Answer

A)  changing your response to stimuli as you age 
B)  controlled laboratory experiments, rather than real-world applications 
C)  learning associations between events that occur in the environment 
D)  repeated presentations of noxious stimuli 
A)  changing your response to stimuli as you age 
B)  controlled laboratory experiments, rather than real-world applications 
C)  learning associations between events that occur in the environment 
D)  repeated presentations of noxious stimuli

Question 8

What does the cumulative recorder do in a Skinner box

Accepted Answer

A)  It delivers the reinforcers. 
B)  It creates a graphic record of operant responding across time. 
C)  It permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
D)  It provides a complete record of everything the animal does. 
A)  It delivers the reinforcers. 
B)  It creates a graphic record of operant responding across time. 
C)  It permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
D)  It provides a complete record of everything the animal does.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  pairing food with a flashing light 
B)  earning money for doing chores 
C)  getting out of trouble by lying 
D)  hiding in your room to avoid a fight 
A)  pairing food with a flashing light 
B)  earning money for doing chores 
C)  getting out of trouble by lying 
D)  hiding in your room to avoid a fight

Question 10

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials.Group B rats get the same,but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer).Which of the following should you predict

Accepted Answer

A)  Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
B)  Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly. 
C)  Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
D)  Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer. 
A)  Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
B)  Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly. 
C)  Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
D)  Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer.

Question 11

After a painful experience,Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.What is the pain of dental drilling in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  conditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus 
A)  unconditioned response 
B)  conditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

The newest winning numbers in the lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night at the end of the news hour.On which reinforcement schedule will people who are watching for the lottery numbers have their "watching" reinforced

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-interval 
A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-interval

Question 13

Which term refers to the form of classical conditioning that is used by advertising campaigns to alter the preferences or attitudes of consumers

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluative conditioning 
B)  persuasive conditioning 
C)  manipulative conditioning 
D)  preferential conditioning 
A)  evaluative conditioning 
B)  persuasive conditioning 
C)  manipulative conditioning 
D)  preferential conditioning

Question 14

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer.This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water.She was eagerly anticipating an upcoming rafting trip; however,as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again.What process does this illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  extinction 
D)  spontaneous recovery 
A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  extinction 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Which of the following would result in a decrease in the effectiveness of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the intensity of the punishment 
B)  lengthening the delay between the response and the reinforcer 
C)  providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer 
D)  providing the punishment each time the "bad" behaviour occurs 
A)  increasing the intensity of the punishment 
B)  lengthening the delay between the response and the reinforcer 
C)  providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer 
D)  providing the punishment each time the "bad" behaviour occurs

Question 16

Complete the following analogy: Classical conditioning is to reflexes as operant conditioning is to ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviour modification 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  discriminative stimuli 
D)  voluntary behaviours 
A)  behaviour modification 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  discriminative stimuli 
D)  voluntary behaviours

Question 17

How are new conditioned responses created in higher-order conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  They are built on the foundation of innate unconditioned responses. 
B)  They are conditioned by repeatedly pairing them with discriminative stimuli. 
C)  They are facilitated by sensory adaptation. 
D)  They are built on the foundation of previously established conditioned responses. 
A)  They are built on the foundation of innate unconditioned responses. 
B)  They are conditioned by repeatedly pairing them with discriminative stimuli. 
C)  They are facilitated by sensory adaptation. 
D)  They are built on the foundation of previously established conditioned responses.

Question 18

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,hoping that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings.Which learning principles are advertisers using

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  instrumental conditioning 
A)  observational learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  instrumental conditioning

Question 19

Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for eight months when her boss called her to his office.The boss told Veronica she was being laid off.Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news.Veronica got a new job,but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private,Veronica feels a little faint.What is the unconditioned response in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  her new boss asking for a private meeting 
B)  her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off 
C)  the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private 
D)  the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries 
A)  her new boss asking for a private meeting 
B)  her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off 
C)  the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private 
D)  the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries

Question 20

What is an antecedent in a behaviour modification program

Accepted Answer

A)  the source of a reinforcement 
B)  an event that precedes a behaviour 
C)  a consequence of performing a behaviour 
D)  an emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment 
A)  the source of a reinforcement 
B)  an event that precedes a behaviour 
C)  a consequence of performing a behaviour 
D)  an emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment

Exam 6: A: Learning

Jane was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt.Now she no longer wears that style of shirt to school.What does this example illustrate

Provide specific,everyday examples (for instance,from child-rearing)of the following operant-conditioning phenomena: positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment.

What is a conditioned stimulus

You eat a new food at a party and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting.Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food.Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room,the people present,or the music playing

Through which of the following is avoidance conditioning maintained

When Lindsay was 9 years old,the neighbour's Chihuahua bit her on the ankle.Today Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas,but she likes almost all other types of dogs.What does Lindsay's specific fear illustrate

Conditioning is a specific type of learning.What does it involve

What does the cumulative recorder do in a Skinner box

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials.Group B rats get the same,but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer).Which of the following should you predict

After a painful experience,Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.What is the pain of dental drilling in this example

The newest winning numbers in the lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night at the end of the news hour.On which reinforcement schedule will people who are watching for the lottery numbers have their "watching" reinforced

Which term refers to the form of classical conditioning that is used by advertising campaigns to alter the preferences or attitudes of consumers

Which of the following would result in a decrease in the effectiveness of reinforcement

Complete the following analogy: Classical conditioning is to reflexes as operant conditioning is to ______________.

How are new conditioned responses created in higher-order conditioning

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,hoping that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings.Which learning principles are advertisers using

What is an antecedent in a behaviour modification program

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

C: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

C: The Biological Basis of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

B: Learning

C: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

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A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

C: Intelligence Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

C: Human Development Across the Lifespan

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Social Behaviour

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B: Stress, Coping, and Health

C: Stress, Coping Health

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A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

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