Deck 2: The Nature and Extent of Delinquency

Question 1

Manslaughter and forcible rape are examples of Part II offenses.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most self-report studies have focused on juvenile delinquency and youth crime.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Because UCR arrest statistics are disaggregated (broken down)by the suspect's age,they can be used to estimate trends in adolescent delinquency.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to the structural bias model,if differences in the delinquency rate are valid,then their source can be traced to the discrimination that pervades American society,resulting in race-based economics and social disparity.

Question 5

Most delinquent acts occur during the warm summer months.​

Question 6

According to the text,during the last decade,the teen murder rate decreased by approximately 20 percent.

Question 7

Most self-report studies indicate that the number of children who break the law is far less than official statistics would lead us to believe.

Question 8

According to the latest NCVS data,criminal victimization has risen slightly over the last 10 years.​

Question 9

Research shows,contrary to media reports,that minority group ​members are less likely to be stopped and arrested than European American youths.

Question 10

Because many victims do not report their experiences to the police,the UCR has been adjusted to address the issue of nonreporting of crime.

Question 11

Delinquents are disproportionately male,although female delinquency rates are rising faster than those for males.

Question 12

Delinquency rates decline with age.

Question 13

Liquor law violations and drug trafficking are examples of Part II offenses.

Question 14

The NCVS is a household survey of offenders that measures the nature of the crime and the characteristics of the offenders.

Question 15

According to the text,kids who engage in the most serious forms of delinquency are more likely to be members of the upper class.

Question 16

The crime patterns and trends that the UCR,NCVS,and self-report surveys record are often quite similar.

Question 17

Less than half of all violent crime victimizations are reported to the police.

Question 18

In 2013,juveniles accounted for less than 3 percent of all arrests for Part I offenses.

Question 19

According to the text,girls are more likely than boys to be arrested as runaways.

Question 20

The largest weakness of self-report studies is they fail to provide relevant information on personal characteristics of offenders (such as attitudes or beliefs)that ​are available from other sources.

Question 21

Compiled by the __________,the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics.

A)U.S.Census Bureau
B)Bureau of Justice Statistics
C)Federal Bureau of Investigation
D)Bureau of Justice Affairs

Question 22

​According to data in the text, 12- to 24- year-olds are most likely to become victims of violent crime.The highest age group after this is the 50- to 64- year-olds who often fall prey to juvenile violence crime perpetration.

Question 23

What does a UCR-reported murder rate of 4.8 mean?

A)About five people were murdered.
B)About five people in every 100,000 were murdered.
C)About five people a day were murdered.
D)About five people were arrested for murder per 10,000 arrests.

Question 24

Researchers have found that the severity of offending rather than frequency of criminal behavior had the greatest impact on later adult criminality.

Question 25

Crime victimization tends to be interracial.

Question 26

In 2010,juveniles were responsible for about ___ percent of the property crime arrests.

A)9
B)19
C)24
D)34

Question 27

A primary weakness of Wolfgang's cohort findings,the chronic 6 percent,is that the findings could not be replicated in subsequent research.

Question 28

​Researchers believe that juvenile offending and victimization may be so high because juveniles spend a significant amount of time in one of the country's most dangerous places,local schools.

Question 29

Teens are less likely than their grandparents to become the victims of crimes.

Question 30

When at least one person is arrested,charged,or turned over to the court for prosecution,a crime has been:

A)solved
B)recorded
C)indexed
D)cleared

Question 31

The UCR uses three methods to express crime data.Which of the following is not one of these three methods?

A)The actual number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made
B)The actual number of crimes for which the suspects were convicted
C)The FBI computes crime rates per 100,000 people.
D)The FBI computes changes in the number and rate of crime over time.

Question 32

While chronic juvenile offenders account for a large percentage of the overall amount of juvenile crime,there is limited research to indicate that these chronic juvenile offenders continue offending into adulthood.​

Question 33

Although research has depicted that chronic offenders make up over 50 percent of all offending,arresting and charging chronic offenders had a significant impact on future deterrence.

Question 34

The likelihood of becoming a victim of property crime declines with age.​

Question 35

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)collects victimization data on individuals aged _____ and older.

A)10
B)12
C)18
D)21

Question 36

In Wolfgang's Delinquency in a Birth Cohort,6 percent of the total sample was responsible for 52 percent of all offenses.

Question 37

________________ are questionnaire or survey techniques that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts.

A)Victim surveys
B)Official records
C)Self-reports
D)Uniform Crime Reports

Question 38

Which of the following is a Part I offense?

A)Arson
B)Weapons possession
C)Possession of cocaine
D)Gang membership

Question 39

Which of the following is a Part II offense?

A)Robbery
B)Forcible rape
C)Vandalism
D)Aggravated assault

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)is false?

A)The survey provides information about victims,offenders,and crimes.
B)The NCVS collects information on crimes suffered by individuals and households.
C)The problem of underreporting of crime is completely eliminated when we use the NCVS.
D)The NCVS is administered twice a year to respondents.

Question 41

As of 2013,juveniles were responsible for about ____ percent of all arrests for Part I violent crimes.

A)11
B)17
C)29
D)50

Question 42

The annual national self-report survey of 8th-,10th-,and12th-graders graders conducted by the Institute for Social Research (ISR)is called ________________________________.

A)National Crime Victimization Survey
B)Monitoring the Future
C)National Survey on Drug Use and Health
D)Safe Schools/Healthy Students

Question 43

Chronic recidivists made up about _____ percent of both Philadelphia cohorts in research conducted by Wolfgang and his associates.

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)18

Question 44

__________ is the age at which youths begin their delinquent careers.

A)Desistance
B)Age of onset
C)Bias age
D)Chronicity

Question 45

Early and repeated delinquency is the best predictor of:

A)adult criminality
B)problem behavior syndrome
C)desistence
D)crime pathways

Question 46

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of official crime data?

A)It fails to control socioeconomic factors that contribute to criminality.
B)It underrepresents the effect of violent delinquent crime.
C)It is biased by police behavior and arrest practices.
D)It negates the impact of chronic delinquent crime.

Question 47

Which of the following privileges would not result in greater equality for minority children?

A)Legal
B)Educational
C)Economic
D)Social

Question 48

A great deal of juvenile delinquency is unknown to the police;these unrecorded delinquent acts are referred to as ______________________________.

A)self-report data
B)observational records
C)dark figures of crime
D)diversion cases

Question 49

With regard to the relationship of the time and place of delinquency,which statement is false?

A)Most delinquent acts occur during the warm summer months of July and August.
B)Large urban areas have by far the highest juvenile violence rates.
C)The frequency of some violent acts such as sexual assault increases as the temperature increases.
D)The western and southern states have had consistently higher delinquency rates.

Question 50

The idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults is called:

A)persistance
B)continuity of crime
C)problem behavior syndrome
D)chronicity

Question 51

For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody?

A)Robbery
B)Forcible rape
C)Truancy
D)Running away

Question 52

____________________________ are responsible for the majority of serious delinquent acts.

A)Lower-class youth
B)Middle-class youth
C)Upper-class,rebellious youth
D)Social class is irrelevant to delinquency.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about age and delinquency is false?

A)With maturity comes the ability to resist the "quick fix" to one's problems.
B)Life experience helps former delinquents seek out nondestructive solutions to their personal problems.
C)As youths grow older,they take on new responsibilities that are inconsistent with criminality.
D)As juvenile delinquents mature,they become less aware of the risks that accompany crime.

Question 54

Males commit _____ serious violent offenses for every 1 committed by females.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)10

Question 55

The aging-out process of criminal behavior is also referred to as:

A)persistent criminality
B)spontaneous remission
C)desistance remission
D)criminal desistance

Question 56

About ______________ juvenile arrests are made each year for Part II offenses.

A)125,000
B)480,000
C)630,000
D)1.2 million

Question 57

In terms of race and delinquency,the official statistics show that:

A)white juveniles composed about 30 percent of all juveniles arrested in 2008
B)there is virtually no racial discrimination in the juvenile justice system
C)African American youths are less likely to be formally arrested by the police,who treat them as first-time offenders
D)minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is disproportionate to their representation in the population

Question 58

Among the factors that influence delinquency rate trends,which is false?

A)The general crime rate follows the proportion of young males in the population.
B)As the number of gun-carrying (toting seems too informal)students increases,so does the seriousness of violent delinquency.
C)As the level of social problems increases,such as unwed mothers and racial conflict,so do delinquency rates.
D)There is strong association between delinquency rates and the immigrant population.

Question 59

Economist Steven Levitt believes that ___________________ may help control delinquency.

A)stricter adoption policies
B)punitive policies
C)psychotherapy
D)religious involvement

Question 60

Males commit _____ property offenses for every 1 committed by females.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)10

Question 61

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey:

A)females are more often the victims of delinquency than males
B)older people are more often targets than younger people
C)crime victimization tends to be interracial
D)the chance of victimization declines with age

Question 62

Which of the following risk factors for persistent delinquency is not present in the scenario provided?

A)Family violence
B)Poor academic performance
C)Family structure and large size
D)Neighborhood disadvantage

Question 63

As Robert and James mature,what can be expected?

A)Regardless of their race,sex,or social class,they will commit less crime as they age.
B)Due to his one prior arrest,Robert will be a chronic offender.
C)James will co-offend with peers more.
D)Both James and Robert will continue to commit more crimes due to their early start at a very young age.

Question 64

What percent of physically assaulted or abused adolescents reported lifetime substance abuse or dependence?

A)6 percent
B)17 percent
C)25 percent
D)46 percent

Question 65

While the vast majority of delinquency is committed by males,which one of Clare's offenses is most common for girls?

A)Truancy
B)Running away
C)Alcohol use
D)Disorderly conduct

Question 66

Which of the following statements about official arrest data is false?

A)Victim surveys show that less than half of all victims report the crime to police.
B)The arrest data count only adolescents who have been caught.
C)Arrest decision criteria are similar among police agencies.
D)Victimless crimes,such as drug and alcohol use,are significantly undercounted using this measure.

Question 67

Part I offenses include homicide and non-negligent manslaughter,forcible rape,________________,and aggravated assault.

Question 68

Childhood risk factors for persistent delinquency include all of the following,except:

A)poor cognitive development
B)family violence
C)poor academic performance
D)interracial background

Question 69

According to the text,which of the following is not a childhood risk factor for persistent delinquency?

A)Parental psychopathology
B)Low intelligence
C)Small family size
D)Neighborhood disadvantage

Question 70

In the Pennsylvania birth cohort follow-up,it was found that chronic offenders had a(n)_____ percent chance of  becoming adult offenders.

A)30
B)40
C)100
D)80

Question 71

While victimization surveys may capture crimes victims did not report to the police,such surveys are still not without issues. Among those issues are:

A)the misinterpretation of events that result in overreporting of crimes
B)embarrassment and fear that prevent victims from reporting a crime
C)juveniles not comprehending questions
D)all of the above are potential issues with victimization surveys

Question 72

Given Robert and James's backgrounds,what is the connection between their social class and delinquency?

A)Poverty causes delinquency.
B)Middle-class youth are responsible for the majority of serious delinquent acts.
C)Serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower-class areas.
D)Social class has no impact on delinquency.

Question 73

Compiled by the FBI,the __________________ is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics reporting crimes known to the police and the number of persons arrested.

Question 74

Part I property-related crimes includes burglary,____________,arson,and motor vehicle theft.

Question 75

Wolfgang reported that the ____________________ was/were responsible for 52 percent of all offenses.

A)adolescent-limiteds
B)chronic 6 percent
C)peripheral gang members
D)late bloomers

Question 76

Which of the following statements about the victimization of teens is true?

A)Most teens are victimized by strangers.
B)Most teens are victimized at night.
C)Most teens are victimized by their peers.
D)Most teens are victimized by their parents.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Kids who engage in the most serious forms of delinquency are more likely to be members of the lower class.
B)Chronic offenders commit a significant portion of all delinquent acts.
C)Those who demonstrate antisocial tendencies at a very early age are more likely to commit more crimes for a longer duration.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 78

Which statement is false when attempting to explain this disproportionate minority group involvement in serious crime and contact with the juvenile justice system?

A)African American youth who develop a police record are more likely to be severely punished if they are picked up again and sent back to juvenile court.
B)Juvenile court judges may see the offenses committed by African American youths as more serious than those committed by white offenders.
C)White juveniles are less likely to receive lenient sentences and thus get an official record.
D)Institutional racism impacts the decision-making process found in the juvenile justice system.

Question 79

Which of the following is false with regard to this case of juvenile victimization?

A)Teens tend to be victimized by their peers.
B)Victimization is interracial.
C)Many teenage victimizations occur at school.
D)Students involved in academic extracurricular activities are more likely to be selected as suitable targets for violent victimization.

Question 80

In comparison to his grandparents,Tim's likelihood of being a victim of a crime is:

A)5 times less likely than his grandparents
B)as likely as his grandparents
C)10 times more likely than his grandparents
D)None of the above