Deck 10: Complex Experimental Designs

Question 1

In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design.

A)interaction
B)multiple correlation
C)factorial
D)independent groups

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

A)independent
B)dependent
C)correlated
D)situational

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is true of factorial designs?

A)It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables.
B)All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.
C)A control group is unnecessary.
D)The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use:

A)factorial designs.
B)three or more levels of the independent variable.
C)more than one dependent variable.
D)a mixed factorial design.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable?

A)Interactions can be studied.
B)Internal validity can be high.
C)A repeated measures design can be used.
D)A between-subject design can be used.

Question 6

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

A)manipulate two or more independent variables.
B)have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable.
C)include more than two levels of the independent variable.
D)measure more than one dependent variable.

Question 7

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?

A)A third group with a moderate level of fear
B)A less reliable measure of attitude change
C)A stronger manipulation of fear
D)A single level of the independent variable

Question 8

Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design.

A)factorial
B)matrix
C)multiple
D)non-experimental

Question 9

The simplest factorial design is that which has:

A)two independent variables with two levels each.
B)6 conditions and 3 possible main effects.
C)one independent variable with three levels.
D)4 possible interactions and 8 conditions.

Question 10

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.

A)Energy condition
B)Participants' interest in exercise and health conditions
C)Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise
D)Depression

Question 11

Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs?

A)Number of levels of first IV × Number of levels of second IV
B)Number of IVs × Total number of levels
C)Number of main effects × Number of interactions
D)Number of conditions of first IV × Number of conditions of second IV

Question 12

A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study?

A)2
B)4
C)7
D)12

Question 13

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?

A)A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
B)When there are only two levels of an independent variable, the relationship between the independent and dependent variables cannot be described with a straight line.
C)An experiment with only two levels of one independent variable always tends to show that there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
D)An experimental design with only two levels of the independent variable can only detect curvilinear relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 14

Factorial designs are often employed because:

A)very few variables tend to affect behavior.
B)they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.
C)two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously.
D)combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible.

Question 15

A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is that:

A)only one dependent variable can be used with this design.
B)curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected.
C)this design is more susceptible to confounds than other designs.
D)the results cannot be generalized.

Question 16

A factorial design involves:

A)manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.
B)specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable.
C)having multiple dependent measures.
D)using one independent variable or factor.

Question 17

An interaction occurs whenever:

A)the manipulation check indicates a manipulation failure.
B)the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
C)both independent variables have an effect.
D)the dependent variable is effectively manipulated in a factorial design.

Question 18

A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (male or female) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)6

Question 19

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 20

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

A)1
B)2
C)6
D)9

Question 21

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____.

A)main effect of anxiety
B)interaction between anxiety and motivation
C)main effect of motivation
D)error in the study

Question 22

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A)mixed factorial
B)repeated measures
C)IV × PV
D)interaction

Question 23

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?

A)Repeated measures design
B)Mixed factorial design
C)1 × 2 factorial design
D)IV × PV design

Question 24

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the:

A)credibility of the speaker.
B)type of student.
C)educational researcher.
D)attitude change.

Question 25

A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?

A)There is an effect of gender on work experience.
B)There is no interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.
C)There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
D)There is an effect of work experience on the likelihood of females being hired.

Question 26

The main reason for using a 2 × 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to:

A)find the main effects of each independent variable.
B)find an interaction between the independent variables.
C)save time.
D)manipulate one independent variable at a time.

Question 27

A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the factorial design?

A)2 × 2
B)2 × 3
C)3 × 3
D)1 × 3

Question 28

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is:

A)the gender of the applicant.
B)the gender of the participant.
C)individuals with or without wok experience.
D)the hiring likelihood.

Question 29

An IV × PV design allows:

A)the manipulation of a participant variable.
B)a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.
C)the measurement of the participant variable.
D)a researcher to exclude subject variables or attribute variables from the study.

Question 30

A researcher studies the effect of interpersonal distance (near, far) and personality type (introvert, extrovert) on feelings of anxiety. The researcher has used a(n) _____ design.

A)IV × PV factorial
B)repeated measures
C)2 × 3 factorial
D)mixed factorial

Question 31

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: $\begin{array}{l}&\text { Alone }&\text { Peer }\\\text { Control } & 1 & 2 \\\text { Story } & 5 & 1\end{array}$ Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____.

A)lack of effect of the control versus story variable
B)main effect of the alone versus peer group variable
C)absence of interaction between the two variables
D)increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

Question 32

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A)IV × PV
B)repeated measures
C)Latin Square
D)Solomon four-group

Question 33

An IV × PV design has:

A)two manipulated variables.
B)two nonmanipulated variables.
C)one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable.
D)more than two manipulated independent variables.

Question 34

A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests:

A)a main effect of gender.
B)a main effect of work experience.
C)an interaction between gender and work experience.
D)that gender and work experience have no effect on likelihood of being hired for a job.

Question 35

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.

A)mixed repeated measures and independent groups
B)IV × PV
C)2 × 2
D)multiple correlation

Question 36

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.

A)effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable
B)effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables
C)only effect of interest
D)effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

Question 37

Which of the following is true of interactions?

A)The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use.
B)Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design.
C)When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.
D)An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

Question 38

Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:

A)a main effect of gender.
B)a main effect of authorship.
C)a main effect of quality.
D)an interaction between gender and authorship.

Question 39

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

A)a main effect of responsibility.
B)a main effect of outcome.
C)an interaction between gender and responsibility.
D)an interaction between gender and outcome.

Question 40

In order to study the effects of personality characteristics on intelligence, a researcher assigned participants into two groups: introverts and extroverts. The researcher then conducted an IQ test and calculated the mean scores of the two groups. Moreover, each of the participants was given a puzzle, and the time taken to solve the puzzle was noted down. In this research, which of the following are the attribute variables?

A)Personality characteristics-introverts and extroverts
B)The IQ test and the puzzle
C)The time taken to complete the test and solve the puzzle
D)Mean scores of the two groups

Question 41

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.

A)main effect
B)interaction
C)analysis of variance
D)simple main effect

Question 42

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).

A)2 × 2
B)2 × 3
C)2 × 2 × 3
D)3 × 3
E)2 × 2 × 2

Question 43

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty level (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?

A)80
B)120
C)70
D)60

Question 44

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?

A)There may be a simple main effect of gender.
B)There may be a simple main effect of the type of school.
C)There may be an effect of aggressive play.
D)There may be a Gender × type of school interaction.

Question 45

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

A)three main effects.
B)one main effect and an interaction.
C)two interactions.
D)two main effects and an interaction.

Question 46

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

A)male versus female viewers.
B)viewers of erotic versus non-erotic movies.
C)males versus females when the movie is erotic or non-erotic.
D)movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.

Question 47

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)8

Question 48

A researcher had young or middle age participants watch a PG-13 or an R-rated film. After viewing the film, the participants rated the amount of violence in the films-the higher the assigned rating, the more violent the film. The mean results in the four conditions were: $\begin{array} { l c c } & \text { PG-13 } & \mathrm { R } \\\text { Young } & 3.1 & 3.8 \\\text { Middle Age } & 3.2 & 8.5\end{array}$ Which of the following statements is least likely to be true?

A)An interaction between age and type of movie exists.
B)A simple main effect of participant age exists when the movie is rated R.
C)An interaction between age and type of movie exist for PG-13 movies but not for R-rated movies.
D)A simple main effect of participant age does not exist when the movie is rated PG-13.

Question 49

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design.

A)2 × 2 independent groups
B)2 × 2 repeated measures
C)2 × 2 mixed factorial
D)IV × PV

Question 50

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?

A)It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions.
B)It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions.
C)It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design.
D)It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Question 51

A simple main effect analysis examines:

A)the overall effect of one independent variable.
B)mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
C)the overall effect of the interaction.
D)relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Question 52

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A)independent groups
B)repeated measures
C)mixed factorial
D)within-subjects

Question 53

A researcher employs an IV × PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the:

A)gender of the student accused of cheating.
B)university attended (private or public).
C)class level of the participants (freshmen).
D)punishment assigned.

Question 54

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.

A)two-group pretest-posttest
B)2 × 5 mixed factorial
C)2 × 5 independent groups factorial
D)IV × PV factorial

Question 55

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?

A)20
B)150
C)10
D)100

Question 56

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

A) There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A.
B) There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design.
C) There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B.
D) There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

Question 57

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the:

A)main effect of appearance.
B)simple main effect of appearance.
C)main effect of gender.
D)simple main effect of gender.

Question 58

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)18

Question 59

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

A)main effect of age.
B)main effect of gender.
C)simple main effect of age.
D)simple main effect of gender.

Question 60

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.

A)3 × 2
B)3 × 2 × 3
C)3 × 2 × 2
D)2 × 2 × 2

Question 61

Which of the following is true of a 2 × 3 factorial design?

A)There are 2 possible interactions.
B)There are 3 possible main effects.
C)There are 6 conditions.
D)There are 2 variables, each with 2 levels.

Question 62

A 4 × 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

A)4
B)5
C)9
D)20

Question 63

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

A)repeated measures
B)independent groups
C)within subjects
D)mixed factorial

Question 64

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are _____ possible main effects and _____ possible interactions.

A)2; 2
B)3; 4
C)3; 12
D)2; 3

Question 65

In a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are:

A)two variables, each with two levels.
B)four variables, each with two levels.
C)two independent variables and two dependent variables.
D)sixteen independent variables and four dependent variables.

Question 66

A 4 × 3 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12

Question 67

A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?

A)24
B)9
C)4
D)3

Question 68

How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design?

A)18
B)7
C)4
D)3

Question 69

A 2 × 2 × 2 design results in _____ experimental conditions.

A)3
B)6
C)7
D)8

Question 70

In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition?

A)70
B)40
C)10
D)20

Question 71

How many conditions and possible interactions are there in a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design?

A)8 conditions and 4 possible interactions
B)4 conditions and 8 possible interactions
C)3 conditions and 2 possible interactions
D)2 conditions and 3 possible interactions

Question 72

A researcher attempts to study the effects of alcohol on task performance. One factor is alcohol-alcohol treatment versus placebo control-and the other factor is task difficulty-easy versus difficult. If the researcher uses a completely repeated measures design with 15 participants per condition, how many participants will he need for the study?

A)15
B)30
C)45
D)60

Question 73

In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants are needed?

A)120
B)30
C)70
D)60

Question 74

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a _____ factorial.

A)2 × 2
B)3 × 2
C)3 × 2 × 2
D)2 × 2 × 2

Question 75

In a 2 × 3 factorial design, there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible.

A)2; 2
B)2; 1
C)1; 1
D)1; 2