Deck 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research

Question 1

Which of the following designs best represents an 'additive' design?

A) Case study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All EXCEPT which of the following are among the three stages of replication in single-subject design?

A) Systematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following symbolizes the non-treatment phase in a single-subject design?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times.
Which of the following is one criticism of the design Janice has used?

A) The study ends while learners are in a baseline phase.
B) The study should have been conducted as a group design.
C) The baseline phase in her study is too limited.
D) The design of this study is considered unethical.

Question 5

Which of the following symbolizes the treatment phase in a single-subject design?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Question 6

Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times.
Which of the following designs is Janice illustrating?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Question 7

Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times.
In Janice's study the "B" represents ______________.

A) stuttering
B) baseline
C) instruction
D) observation

Question 8

Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication?

A) Thematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized

Question 9

Another name for simultaneous treatment design is ________________ design.

A) alternating treatment
B) experimenter manipulated
C) multiple baseline
D) return to baseline

Question 10

Rachel is acting out in her mathematics class. She gets so frustrated that she starts to throw things. The school psychologist provides her with a relaxation strategy as an intervention and observes her behavior. The relaxation strategy is removed as a requirement and her classroom behavior is again observed. The school psychologist then again requires the relaxation strategy. Which of the following designs is the school psychologist illustrating?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Question 11

In single-subject designs, how much data is generally used to assess baseline stability?

A) Two data points
B) Three data points
C) Four data points
D) Five data points

Question 12

Third-grade Seamus has been referred for a new behavioral intervention plan that uses teacher nonverbal signals to reinforce the target child's appropriate behavior. Mr. Matthews, the school psychologist, decides to observe and record Seamus's behavior in the regular classroom and in Art and Music class. He records off-task behavior, calling out, and touching others for eight days. Mr. Matthews is involved in which phase of a multiple baseline study.

A) Implementing treatment
B) Establishing baseline
C) Seeking generalization
D) Assessing variability

Question 13

Which of the following is a benefit of the alternating treatment design?

A) There are rarely carryover effects.
B) No baseline data are necessary.
C) There is higher external validity than other designs.
D) The need for researcher intervention is diminished.

Question 14

Which of the following represents the type of replication that includes a different researcher, different behaviors, and different setting?

A) Systematic.
B) Direct.
C) Clinical.
D) Generalized.

Question 15

The single-variable rule suggests that single-subject designs

A) should only have one participant at a time.
B) should add or withdraw one variable during any study phase.
C) should only conducted by a single researcher and not teams of researchers
D) Should be generalizable to only one participant at a time.

Question 16

Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes

A) Chi-square.
B) Visual analysis.
C) Nonparametric tests.
D) Path analysis

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple baseline design?

A) Across behavior designs
B) Across subjects designs
C) Across settings designs
D) Across baseline designs

Question 18

Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free-play time for 5 days. Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. She then reintroduces the self-monitoring strategy. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor is illustrating?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Question 19

Which of the following represents a primary concern with the B-A-B design?

A) The participant ends the study without treatment.
B) There is no initial baseline.
C) Participant mortality.
D) History effects.

Question 20

According to your text, which of the following represents a critical internal validity threat of single-subjects designs overall?

A) Instrumentation.
B) Generalization.
C) History.
D) Selection.

Question 21

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique.
Kim has decided to use the graphing strategy that Bryce uses with her patient who scratches until she causes herself injury. The type of replication that Kim's use of the graphing strategy illustrates in this case is

A) direct replication.
B) transfer replication.
C) systematic replication.
D) clinical replication.

Question 22

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique.
Bryce using the graphing technique with another patient, Paul. By so doing, Bryce is illustrating which type of replication?

A) Direct replication
B) Transfer replication
C) Systematic replication
D) Clinical replication

Question 23

Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn't change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week.
In Frank's study, the signed assignment book represents which of the following?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Question 24

Pam wants to replicate Frank's study and use the same procedure with Jose, a third grade student with similar academic forgetting behaviors. What type of replication is Pam proposing?

A) Direct replication
B) Simultaneous replication
C) Systematic replication
D) Clinical replication

Question 25

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique.
Bryce has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs?

A) Case study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design

Question 26

In single-subject research, the most important type of significance is

A) generalized significance.
B) statistical significance.
C) effect size significance.
D) clinical significance.

Question 27

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention.
Stefanie also wants to replicate the audio recording strategy, only implementing the strategy for vowel sounds. By so doing, Stefanie is illustrating which type of replication?

A) Direct replication
B) Transfer replication
C) Systematic replication
D) Clinical replication

Question 28

Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn't change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week.
If Frank's study is typical, what would one expect regarding Garrett's behavior after the requirement of the assignment book was taken away?

A) He will now forget his things more often than while he was using the assignment book but less than before he started.
B) He will now forget his things more often than before he started using the assignment book.
C) He will now forget his things less than both before the assignment book and while he used the assignment book.
D) His forgetting will substantially decrease and he will continue to use the assignment book.

Question 29

Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn't change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week.
Which of the following best represents the design of Frank' study?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Question 30

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique.
Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Bryce has selected?

A) Selection of experimental participant
B) No baseline data were collected
C) Withdrawal of treatment condition
D) Ethics of treatment reversal

Question 31

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior.
The benefits of Millie's design include all of the following EXCEPT

A) no withdrawal is necessary.
B) no baseline is necessary.
C) more than one treatment is considered.
D) treatment interference is controlled.

Question 32

Regarding the practice of manipulating two variables simultaneously one should conclude:

A) This is acceptable practice as researchers now believe that we can tease out interactive effects.
B) This is acceptable practice because we can statistically manipulate individual variables.
C) This is unsound practice because in so doing we are unable to assess effects of either variable.
D) This is unsound practice because in so doing we confuse the participant as a threat to validity.

Question 33

Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication?

A) A researcher develops a package of two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing to administer to his student Tracey.
B) A researcher implements two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing, in succession with return to baseline between the interventions to his student Tracey.
C) A researcher implements an intervention known to work for off task behavior for homework completion with Sam his student to test with off-task behavior while testing.
D) Marcus tests an intervention for off-task behaviors for testing with his student Maria. He developed the intervention for use initially with his student Travis.

Question 34

Ike would like to implement a single subject design to test interventions for several of her student, Mildred's behaviors. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single subject design would be most appropriate?

A) Alternating treatments design
B) Multiple-baseline design
C) A-B-A Changing criterion design
D) A-B-A-B Design

Question 35

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention.
Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Stefanie has selected?

A) Selection of experimental participant
B) No baseline data were collected
C) Withdrawal of treatment condition
D) Ethics of treatment reversal

Question 36

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior.
In this study, which of the following validity threats does Millie control?

A) Order effects.
B) Selection effects.
C) Treatment effects.
D) History effects.

Question 37

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior.
Which of the following designs is Millie employing?

A) Multiple baseline
B) Alternating treatment
C) Time series
D) Treatment-withdrawal

Question 38

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention.
Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is

A) direct replication.
B) transfer replication.
C) systematic replication.
D) clinical replication.