Deck 4: Learning:Theories and Program Design

Question 1

When an employee learns and practices behaviors that reduce conflict with others,they are experiencing:

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)automization.
D)vicarious reinforcement.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following learning outcomes is likely the most challenging for someone in a wheel chair?

A)Attitudes
B)Cognitive strategies
C)Intellectual skills
D)Motor skills

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An owner of a casino who seeks to maximize his slot machine profits would most likely have them programmed on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A)variable ratio and variable interval combined
B)variable interval
C)fixed ratio and variable interval combined
D)continuous

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions.

A)Social learning theory
B)Need for achievement
C)Goal setting theory
D)Expectancy theory

Question 5

According to _____ theory,people are motivated to perform or avoid specific behaviors because of past outcomes resulting from those behaviors.

A)information processing theory
B)social learning theory
C)reinforcement theory
D)goal setting theory

Question 6

_____ reinforcement schedule is characterized by rapid learning and rapid extinction.

A)Variable ratio
B)Fixed ratio
C)Fixed interval
D)Variable interval

Question 7

In the famous humorist,Will Rogers' saying,"There are three kinds of men:the one that learns by reading,the few that learn by observation,and the rest of 'em that have to pee on the electric fence for themselves",what learning theory best fits learning by experiencing the electric fence?

A)Reinforcement
B)Goal setting
C)Social learning
D)Expectancy

Question 8

Behavior modification is primarily based on:

A)goal mastery.
B)information processing theory.
C)social leaning theory.
D)reinforcement theory.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a condition of a training program necessary for learning to occur?

A)Training is led by an experienced trainer
B)Allow learning through experience and observation
C)Provide practice opportunities
D)Identify any necessary prerequisites

Question 10

The ability to use several different approaches to diagnosing a computer software problem is an example of which type of learning outcome?

A)Intellectual skills
B)Attitudes
C)Cognitive strategies
D)Motor skills

Question 11

In the famous humorist,Will Rogers' saying,"There are three kinds of men:the one that learns by reading,the few that learn by observation,and the rest of 'em that have to pee on the electric fence for themselves",what learning theory best fits learning by observation?

A)Reinforcement
B)Goal setting
C)Social learning
D)Expectancy

Question 12

According to goal setting theory,learning is facilitated by:

A)telling trainees to do your best.
B)appealing to their needs.
C)allowing trainees to set their own goals.
D)setting specific and challenging goals.

Question 13

All of the following are training outcomes except:

A)providing quality customer service.
B)practicing making change for customers.
C)successfully closing sales.
D)cleaning a hotel room.

Question 14

A program to improve safety behavior involving posting data on safe work behavior and supervisor recognition of safe behaviors relies primarily on _____ learning theory.

A)social learning
B)goal setting
C)McClelland's n-ach
D)reinforcement

Question 15

In expectancy theory,_____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

A)valence
B)instrumentality
C)expectancy
D)equity

Question 16

A manager assures an older employee that they can learn the new company software and reminded the employee they had learned the old system quickly.The manager is

A)increasing the worker's self-efficacy.
B)setting learning goals for the worker.
C)modeling the desired behavior.
D)raising the valence of the behavior.

Question 17

When an employee learns the 3 steps "stop,drop and roll" if they are on fire,this is an example of _____ learning outcome.

A)motor skills
B)cognitive strategies
C)attitudes
D)verbal information

Question 18

In physics class,learning the colors of the light spectrum by remembering the name "Roy

A)cognitive strategies
B)motor skills
C)intellectual skills
D)verbal information
G)Biv",is an example of a(n)_____ learning outcome.

Question 19

Which of the following does not contribute to a learning orientation?

A)Encouraging competition among trainees
B)Allowing trainees to make errors
C)Experimenting with new ways to perform trained tasks
D)Creating a community of learning

Question 20

Which of the following is not characteristic of learning as defined in the text?

A)Learning is produced by experience.
B)Learning may result from growth processes.
C)Learning can be a change in knowledge.
D)Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Question 21

Learning outcomes should be clearly related to what is required for successful job performance.

Question 22

Developing a computer program that meets customer specifications is an example of an intellectual skills outcome.

Question 23

Self-efficacy is most similar to which of the following concepts?

A)Valence
B)Instrumentality
C)Expectancy
D)Social reinforcement

Question 24

The terms "at night" and "malfunctioning landing gear on an airplane" are examples of the _____ component of a training objective.

A)criterion
B)performance
C)standards
D)condition

Question 25

Research on the influence of age on training found that _____ had the largest influence on training performance of trainees over 40 years of age.

A)self-paced training
B)teamwork and technology
C)structured material and frequent testing
D)use of texts versus computers

Question 26

When an employee believes they can learn the content of a training program,this belief is a positive:

A)valence.
B)expectancy.
C)instrumentality.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 27

When an employee sees success in a training program as leading to peer recognition,hard work and a good chance of promotion,the training program has high _____ for them.

A)valence
B)expectancy
C)instrumentality
D)self-efficacy

Question 28

"Gratifying",in the learning process described,refers to:

A)pleasing the trainer by mastering the skill or knowledge being trained.
B)retrieving information from long-term memory.
C)giving the trainer a positive evaluation.
D)feedback the learner receives as a result of using learning content.

Question 29

Specification of training objectives is important for all of the following uses except:

A)identification of training outcomes.
B)they are required by ASTD standards.
C)serve as training goals.
D)help trainees understand why they need training.

Question 30

Which one of the following components,if any,is not present within the training objective "The employee will be able to express concern to all irate customers by a brief (fewer than 10 words)apology"?

A)Criterion
B)Condition
C)Performance
D)All components are present within the objective.

Question 31

Showing how training relates to company strategy and repeating application of ideas in different contexts are examples of:

A)demonstration of training meaningfulness.
B)practice opportunities.
C)providing feedback.
D)providing training objectives.

Question 32

When tasks are complex,the best type of practice is:

A)massed.
B)spaced.
C)whole.
D)part.

Question 33

_____ refers to the physical,intellectual and emotional characteristics of the environment in which learning is to occur.

A)Context
B)Stimuli
C)Instruction
D)Training context

Question 34

If a training program involves both presentation and total-group instruction,the best seating arrangement is:

A)fan.
B)traditional classroom.
C)conference.
D)horseshoe.

Question 35

When a trainee is asking themselves,"Why am I choosing this type of action?" and "What is the next step in the task?" they are engaging in:

A)error management training.
B)metacognition.
C)overlearning.
D)automatization.

Question 36

Learning is a permanent change in human capabilities that is not the result of growth processes.

Question 37

The learning outcome associated with the external conditions repeated practice,meaningful chunks and advance organizers is:

A)intellectual skills.
B)cognitive strategies.
C)verbal information.
D)motor skills.

Question 38

The simplest learning strategy is:

A)organizing.
B)working storage.
C)reinforcement.
D)rehearsal.

Question 39

Performance of target behavior is higher for interval schedules of reinforcement than for ratio schedules.

Question 40

A training program that creates an attitude to greet customers with a smile is a legitimate learning outcome.

Question 41

For learning requiring high collaboration and either low or high self-direction,break out room would not be necessary.

Question 42

What characteristics are necessary for effective practice?

Question 43

Communities of learning are groups of employees who work together,learn from each other and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished.

Question 44

The link between new and previously learned knowledge is the external condition associated with motor skills.

Question 45

Differences between traditionalists,baby boomers,Gen Xers and millenniums are well-established and research shows training methods for one group will not work for other age groups.

Question 46

The most appropriate learning theory to guide design of training programs is pedagogy.

Question 47

The lesson plan overview translates the content and sequence of training activities into a guide that is used by the trainer to help deliver the training.

Question 48

Research shows trainees with a performance orientation exert more effort to learn and use more complex learning strategies than trainees with a learning orientation.

Question 49

A good training objective should only describe performance that can be observed.

Question 50

In a sales training program with four key behaviors,it is best to use both part and whole practice.

Question 51

What types of training rooms are most appropriate for learning requiring varying levels of collaboration and self-direction?

Question 52

Considerable research supports the validity of the learning style types,diverger,assimilator,converger and accommodator.

Question 53

Interpersonal skills and content-specific knowledge are examples of situations in which learning through observation and experience are most valuable.

Question 54

How can trainers and/or managers increase trainee self-efficacy? What component of another learning theory is most closely related to self-efficacy?

Question 55

When trainees are learning to operate equipment,less specific feedback should be avoided because it causes trainees to make errors.

Question 56

Course objectives are more specific in terms of content and expected behaviors than program objectives.

Question 57

Trainers frequently use the diverger,assimilator,converger and accommodator learning style types in the design of training programs.

Question 58

Discuss the relationship of external conditions to internal conditions for different learning outcomes.

Question 59

Trainees would learn best by observing and imitating behaviors of models that are older,recognized experts.

Question 60

Overlearning means covering something in the training program that need not be covered.

Question 61

Discuss how program design,design document,program and course objectives,lesson plan overviews and detailed lesson plans are related to one another.