Deck 15: Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

The major histocompatibility complex is

A)a set of glycoproteins,called MHC antigens,found on all body cells.
B)a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins.
C)found on the third chromosome.
D)located in the thymus gland.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a/an

A)PAMP.
B)marker.
C)hapten.
D)antibody.
E)antigen.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly diversified from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the _____ region.

A)variable
B)joining
C)constant
D)light
E)hinge

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The embryonic yolk sac,the liver,and the bone marrow are sites where

A)immune responses to antigen occur.
B)stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes.
C)antigen is filtered from the blood.
D)antigen is filtered from tissue fluid.
E)T lymphocytes complete maturation.

Question 5

The antibody-secreting progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called

A)antibodies.
B)sensitized T cells.
C)activated macrophages.
D)plasma cells.
E)bursa cells.

Question 6

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of

A)skin barriers.
B)B and T lymphocytes.
C)lysozyme.
D)mucus membranes.
E)interferon.

Question 7

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all of the following except

A)two identical heavy polypeptide chains.
B)two identical light polypeptide chains.
C)disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains.
D)four antigen binding sites.
E)a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain.

Question 8

Properties of effective antigens include all of the following except

A)foreign to the immune system.
B)molecular complexity.
C)large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000.
D)large polymers made up of repeating subunits.
E)cells or large,complex molecules.

Question 9

Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called

A)clonal deletion.
B)proliferation.
C)clonal selection.
D)differentiation.
E)hypersensitivity.

Question 10

MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except

A)leukocytes.
B)eosinophils.
C)epithelial cells.
D)red blood cells.
E)islet of langerhans cells.

Question 11

Lymphocytes

A)possess MHC antigens for recognizing self.
B)have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens.
C)gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self.
D)develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development?

A)Lymphocytes form from stem cells in the bone marrow.
B)Random genetic rearrangements occur to produce different surface protein receptors.
C)Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.
D)Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed.
E)Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed.

Question 13

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

A)memory B cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)plasma cells
D)helper T cells
E)antigen-presenting cells

Question 14

Class I MHC genes code for

A)certain secreted complement components.
B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.
C)all HLA antigens.
D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.

Question 15

Lymphocyte maturation involves

A)hormonal signals that initiate development.
B)B cells maturing in bone marrow sites.
C)T cells maturing in the thymus.
D)release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Plasma cells

A)secrete antibodies.
B)function in allergic reactions.
C)directly destroy target cells.
D)suppress immune reactions.
E)activate B cells and other T cells.

Question 17

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions

A)are the result of genetic expression.
B)function in recognition of self molecules.
C)receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system.
D)aid in cellular development.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

Helper T cells

A)secrete antibodies.
B)function in allergic reactions.
C)directly destroy target cells.
D)suppress immune reactions.
E)activate B cells and other T cells.

Question 19

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in

A)recognition of self.
B)antibody proliferation.
C)B-cell maturation.
D)T-cell maturation.

Question 20

Class II MHC genes code for

A)certain secreted complement components.
B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.
C)all HLA antigens.
D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 22

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an

A)epitope.
B)hapten.
C)antigen binding site.
D)variable region.

Question 23

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?

A)IgM only
B)IgG only
C)IgD only
D)IgM and IgG
E)IgE and IgA

Question 24

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule,thereby disrupting their activity?

A)neutralization
B)opsonization
C)complement fixation
D)agglutination
E)anamnestic response

Question 25

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are

A)IgM only.
B)IgG only.
C)IgD only.
D)IgM and IgD.
E)IgD and IgE.

Question 26

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus,saliva,colostrum,and other body secretions is

A)IgA.
B)IgD.
C)IgE.
D)IgG.
E)IgM.

Question 27

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

A)neutralization
B)opsonization
C)complement fixation
D)agglutination
E)anamnestic response

Question 28

T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires

A)typically a protein antigen.
B)binding of the T cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage.
C)binding of the T cell to a site on the antigen.
D)interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except

A)has 10 antigen binding sites.
B)contains a central J chain.
C)is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell.
D)can serve as a B-cell receptor.
E)is a dimer.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a property of B cells?

A)produce plasma cells and memory cells
B)low numbers circulating in the blood
C)require antigen presented with MHC proteins
D)receptors called immunoglobins
E)mature in the bone marrow

Question 31

During presentation of APC-bound antigen,macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine _____,which activates T helper cells.

A)interferon
B)interleukin-1
C)interleukin-2
D)histamine

Question 32

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

A)neutralization
B)opsonization
C)complement fixation
D)agglutination
E)anamnestic response

Question 33

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is

A)IgA.
B)IgD.
C)IgE.
D)IgG.
E)IgM.

Question 34

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?

A)is called the crystallizable fragment
B)forms the antigen binding sites
C)contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells
D)contains an effector molecule that can fix complement
E)determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs

Question 35

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

A)neutralization
B)opsonization
C)complement fixation
D)agglutination
E)anamnestic response

Question 36

Antigen presenting cells

A)include dendritic cells.
B)include macrophages.
C)engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic.
D)hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called

A)superantigens.
B)heterophilic antigens.
C)allergens.
D)autoantigens.

Question 38

_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgA
D)IgD
E)IgE

Question 39

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed

A)epitopes.
B)haptens.
C)antigen binding sites.
D)variable regions.

Question 40

Superantigens are

A)body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign.
B)cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members.
C)bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.
D)antigens that evoke allergic reactions.

Question 41

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by

A)removal of virulence genes from the microbe.
B)treatment with formalin,heat,or radiation.
C)passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture.
D)long-term subculturing of the microbe.

Question 42

An example of natural passive immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection,followed by lifelong immunity.
B)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 43

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines

A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules.
B)are always genetically engineered.
C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
D)confer passive immunity.
E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.

Question 44

What process generates many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

A)antigen expression
B)antibody production
C)clonal expansion
D)antigen presentation
E)opsonization

Question 45

An example of artificial passive immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection,followed by lifelong immunity.
B)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 46

The most significant cells in graft rejection are

A)helper T cells.
B)suppressor T cells.
C)cytotoxic T cells.
D)delayed hypersensitivity T cells.
E)natural killer (NK)cells.

Question 47

Cytotoxic T cells

A)are activated by free,soluble antigens.
B)lack specificity for antigen.
C)secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.
D)secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells.

Question 48

Immunotherapy is the

A)use of antitoxins.
B)use of immune serum globulin.
C)conferring of passive immunity.
D)administering of preformed antibodies.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

An example of natural active immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection,followed by lifelong immunity.
B)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 50

Edward Jenner's work involved

A)inoculation of dried pus from smallpox pustules into a person to stimulate immunity.
B)development of passive immunotherapy.
C)development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox.
D)immunization using a related,less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one.

Question 51

An activated T_H cell produces ___,which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A)interleukin-1
B)interleukin-2
C)interleukin-12
D)antiserum
E)complement

Question 52

Live,attenuated vaccines

A)include the Sabin polio vaccine.
B)include the measles,mumps,rubella vaccine (MMR).
C)contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person.
D)require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of ____.

A)antibodies
B)plasma cells
C)T helper cells
D)memory cells
E)phagocytotic cells

Question 54

High titers of specific antibodies are characteristic of

A)specific immune globulin (SIG).
B)gamma globulin.
C)immune serum globulin (ISG).
D)attenuated vaccines.
E)toxoids.

Question 55

An example of artificial active immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection,followed by lifelong immunity.
B)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 56

Antitoxins

A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules.
B)are always genetically engineered.
C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
D)confer passive immunity.
E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a target for T_C cells?

A)bacteria
B)virus-infected cells
C)cancer cells
D)human transplanted liver
E)pig transplanted heart

Question 58

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make

A)adjuvant.
B)booster.
C)antibodies to toxin.
D)gamma globulin.
E)"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine.

Question 59

Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.

A)variable
B)FAb
C)Fc
D)terminal
E)hinge

Question 60

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

A)helper T cells
B)suppressor T cells
C)cytotoxic T cells
D)delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E)natural killer (NK)cells

Question 61

Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.

Question 62

You have received the first hepatitis A vaccine.It was required for your mission trip to Nicaragua in Central America,where hepatitis A is common.However,you never went back for the booster shot of the vaccine,which should have been received within 6 months of the initial vaccination.What statement accurately reflects your present immunity to this pathogen?

A)This is not a problem because the second dosage is just extra protection.Your immune status would be very high.
B)The one dosage is not enough because it only activated humoral immunity.The second dosage is to then activate cell-mediated immunity.The combination of the two immune responses gives you 100% coverage of immunity to hepatitis
C)Not a problem because at any time--in a year,5 years,etc.--you can go get the booster vaccine for hepatitis A and be fully covered by immunity.
D)You are at risk to get hepatitis A since your immune status is only partial.Not enough immune memory cells were produced since you received one dosage of vaccine,so you are likely to get the disease when exposed to the virus.

Question 63

The array of potential antibodies to the variety of possible antigens is amazing.Which statement explains this development?

A)Recombination of hundreds of genes for antigen receptors occurs during the developmental stage of lymphocyte production.
B)Mutations in the antibody gene occur within the activated B cells,since they meet the antigen.
C)There is a shuffling of genes that code for self markers as well as nonself markers,mixing them together and producing reactive lymphocytes to those markers.
D)The existing antibody molecules change their shapes,allowing them to fit with a large number of antigens.

Question 64

Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.

Question 65

Antibody molecules circulate in lymph,blood,and tissue fluids.

Question 66

A patient enters your clinic with a suspected helminthic infection.In support of this diagnosis,you suspect elevated levels of which antibody in the patient's serum?

A)IgD
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM

Question 67

One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes,but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.

Question 68

Fluzone is a brand name for a very commonly given influenza vaccine.The vaccine is prepared by first harvesting flu viruses in chicken embryos and then breaking apart virus particles into protein subunits,thereby inactivating the virus.Your friend refuses to get the vaccine.Which of these statements is the only valid reason for her not to get the flu vaccine?

A)She could catch the flu from the inactivated vaccine.
B)She could pass the virus onto her baby,causing the child to become autistic.
C)She could die from the vaccine.
D)She is allergic to eggs.

Question 69

Activation of B cells occurs when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.

Question 70

Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.

Question 71

The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.

Question 72

The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response.

Question 73

All nucleated cells contain

A)class I MHC.
B)class II MHC.
C)secretory antibodies.
D)IgE receptors.
E)IgD receptors.

Question 74

A cytotoxic T lymphocyte,having been activated against a particular viral antigen,"sees" this same antigen on a host body cell.What will happen?

A)The cytotoxic T cell will produce antibodies against the antigen.
B)The antigen will move inside of the host body cell,thereby hiding from the cytotoxic T cell.
C)The cytotoxic T cell will produce proteins that cause the host body cell to die.
D)The cytotoxic body cell will activate B cells which then produce antibody against the antigen.

Question 75

As an adult who never developed chickenpox infection as a child,you elect to receive the protective vaccine against this pathogen at the age of 35.This vaccine will stimulate:

A)a primary immune response
B)latency
C)a secondary immune response
D)an anamnestic response

Question 76

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

A)adjuvant
B)booster
C)antibodies to toxin
D)gamma globulin
E)"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

Question 77

You do not really want to get your 3 children vaccinated.Your view is why do it,when others around you will get the vaccine and end up protecting you and your children.Which is an accurate statement that your physician may provide to you in response to your challenge to vaccination?

A)Your choice is fine,your children will never become infected since this is actually the basis of herd immunity.
B)This is not a smart choice.If enough people choose not to get vaccinated,the susceptible population grows to a large size breaking the protective effect of herd immunity.
C)Your choice is fine,maybe you will change your mind when your child goes to college.
D)This is not a smart choice.You could face potential arrest for not vaccinating your child per the regulations of the US government.

Question 78

After secreting antibodies during an immune response,plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.

Question 79

The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.

Question 80

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary