Deck 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Unit V: Continuity

Question 1

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

A)ANP
B)Angiotensin II
C)Renin
D)ADH
E)Angiotensin

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)ANP
C)Aldosterone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)All of these choices

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is the main factor that determines body fluid volume?

A)Thirst center
B)Fluid balance
C)Urinary salt loss
D)Compartmentalizing
E)None of these choices

Question 5

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 6

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 7

The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT cause which of the following?

A)Dehydration
B)Formation of angiotensin II
C)Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin
D)Formation of ADH
E)Increased vasoconstriction

Question 8

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in

A)Increased GFR
B)Reduced Na⁺ and Cl^- reabsorption by the kidneys
C)Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys
D)Increased Calcium reabsorption
E)Increased urine output

Question 9

80% of the extracellular fluid is

A)Plasma
B)Cytosol
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Lymph
E)Bile

Question 10

Natriuresis

A)Is decreased Na⁺ levels in urine
B)Is decreased Cl^- levels in urine
C)Is increased K⁺ levels in urine
D)Is increased PO^- levels in urine
E)None of these choices

Question 11

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

A)Dehydration
B)Evaporation
C)Precipitation
D)Insensible loss
E)None of these choices

Question 12

Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?

A)Chloride shift
B)Potassium shift
C)Sodium shift
D)Bicarbonate shift
E)Protein shift

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

A)Controlling osmosis between compartments
B)Maintaining acid-base balance
C)Carry electrical currents
D)Serve as cofactors
E)All of these choices

Question 14

In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 15

The Na⁺ level in blood is controlled by

A)Aldosterone
B)Insulin
C)ATP production
D)Krebs cycle
E)Glucagon

Question 16

Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration?

A)Anions
B)Cations
C)Metabolic water
D)Lipids
E)Carbohydrates

Question 17

Water intoxication results from

A)Dilute body fluids
B)Decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
C)Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
D)Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
E)Decrease in water intake

Question 18

Which of the following makes up the largest single component of the human body?

A)Skin
B)Water
C)Blood
D)Organs
E)Electrolytes

Question 19

Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)ANP
C)Aldosterone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)All of these choices

Question 20

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

A)10%
B)50%
C)1/3
D)2/3
E)99%

Question 21

PTH,calcitriol and calcitonin are

A)The main regulators of magnesium in the blood
B)The main regulators of phosphate in the blood
C)The main regulators of calcium in the blood
D)The main regulators of NaCl in the blood
E)None of these choices

Question 22

Why is a small amount of table salt included in intravenous or oral rehydration therapy?

Question 23

In partial compensation

A)pH is brought into the normal range
B)systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35
C)systemic arterial blood is higher than 9.5
D)pH is greater than 5.5
E)pH is lower than 2.5

Question 24

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause

A)Blood pH to drop
B)Alkalosis
C)Respiratory compensation
D)Unequal distribution of water
E)Metabolic alkalosis

Question 25

Metabolic reactions can produce

A)H⁺
B)HCO₃^-
C)Nonvolatile acids
D)Volatile bases
E)Ca⁺

Question 26

Buffer systems,exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys,are all

A)Ways to balance interstitial fluid
B)Means of balancing blood volume
C)Ways of controlling H⁺ levels in the body
D)Ways to make ions
E)Ways to increase blood volume

Question 27

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A)Na⁺
B)Calcium
C)Magnesium
D)Phosphate
E)Iron

Question 28

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A)Hemorrhage
B)Vomiting
C)Pneumothroax
D)Diabetes
E)Cancer

Question 29

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult?

A)2 times higher
B)5 times higher
C)7 times higher
D)10 times higher
E)They are equal

Question 30

Most of the phosphate in a body is present as

A)Lipids
B)Plasma membranes
C)DNA
D)Calcium phosphate salt
E)Carbohydrates

Question 31

Describe the fluid and electrolyte disorders to which the elderly are particularly susceptible.

Question 32

A patient's blood pH is 7.48;partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 32 mm Hg and levels of bicarbonate in the blood are 20 mEq/liter.What can you tell about this patient's condition? Explain your answer.

Question 33

Explain how it is possible for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to have a normal extracellular pH while having an elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Question 34

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO₃^- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

A)Metabolic alkalosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Respiratory acidosis
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)None of these choices

Question 35

Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a result of dehydration.

Question 36

What part of the brain is considered to be the thirst center?

A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Midbrain
D)Brain stem
E)Cerebrum

Question 37

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

A)Isodosis
B)Acidosis
C)Alkalosis
D)Alkalemia
E)None of these choices

Question 38

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO₂ levels raise to abnormal values?

A)Metabolic alkalosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Respiratory acidosis
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)None of these choices

Question 39

Normal blood Na⁺ levels are 136-148 mEq/L.An elderly patient has a blood Na⁺ of 105 mEq/L.Describe the patient's condition and the signs and symptoms that usually accompany that condition.Be sure to include the functions of Na⁺ in the body in your answer.

Question 40

The breathing rate of an infant

A)Is twice as fast as an adult
B)Causes greater water loss from the lungs
C)Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult
D)Makes the infant blood more acidic
E)Is normal to an adult

Question 41

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

A)Albumin
B)Hemoglobin
C)Complement
D)Fibrin
E)Calmodulin

Question 42

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

A)Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction
B)Loss of acid due to vomiting
C)Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease
D)Hypoventilation due to emphysema
E)All of these are correct

Question 43

Which disorder can result in respiratory alkalosis?

A)emphysema
B)airway obstruction
C)use of certain diuretics
D)cerebrovascular accident
E)accumulation of acid

Question 44

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid?

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Oxygen
C)Carbonic acid
D)Hemoglobin
E)Calmodulin

Question 45

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

A)A weak acid
B)A weak base
C)A weak acid and the salt of that acid
D)A weak base and the salt of that base
E)None of these are correct

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

A)Buffer systems
B)Proteins
C)Phosphates
D)Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
E)All of these correct

Question 47

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

A)Glomerular podocytes
B)Principal cells
C)PCT cells
D)DCT cells
E)Intercalated cells

Question 48

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

A)Bicarbonate ion
B)Monohydrogen phosphate ion
C)Ammonium ion
D)Dihydrogen phosphate ion
E)None of these