Deck 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Question 1

Why does a person who has a spinal cord injury experience faulty control of sweating?

A) The hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the sympathetic nervous system.
B) The thalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the sympathetic nervous system.
C) The hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the parasympathetic nervous system.
D) The thalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to spinal nerve roots.

Answer 1

The hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 2

In adults,most intracranial tumors are located:

A) Infratentorially
B) Supratentiorially
C) Laterally
D) Posterolaterally

Answer 2

Infratentorially

Question 3

Autonomic hyperreflexia-induced bradycardia is a result of stimulation of the:

A) Sympathetic nervous system to ß-adrenergic receptors to the sinoatrial node
B) Carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node
C) Parasympathetic nervous system to the glossopharyngeal nerve to the atrioventricular node
D) Bundle branches to the a-adrenergic receptors to the sinoatrial node

Answer 3

Carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node

Question 4

A herniation of which disk will likely result in motor and sensory changes of the lateral lower legs and soles of the feet?

A) L2-L3
B) L3-L5
C) L5-S1
D) S2-S3

Question 5

What term is used to describe the complication that can result from a spinal cord injury above T6 that is producing paroxysmal hypertension,as well as piloerection and sweating above the spinal cord lesion?

A) Craniosacral dysreflexia
B) Parasympathetic dysreflexia
C) Autonomic hyperreflexia
D) Retrograde hyperreflexia

Question 6

Which clinical finding is considered a diagnostic indicator for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?

A) Systolic bruit over the carotid artery
B) Decreased level of consciousness
C) Hypertension with bradycardia
D) Diastolic bruit over the temporal artery

Question 7

What indicates that spinal shock is terminating?

A) Voluntary movement below the level of injury
B) Reflex emptying of the bladder
C) Paresthesia below the level of injury
D) Decreased deep tendon reflexes and flaccid paralysis

Question 8

What group is most at risk of spinal cord injury from minor trauma?

A) Children
B) Adolescents
C) Adults
D) Older adults

Question 9

Diffuse axonal injuries (DAIs)of the brain often result in:

A) Reduced levels of consciousness
B) Mild but permanent dysfunction
C) Fine motor tremors
D) Visual disturbances

Question 10

A right hemisphere embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced sensation of the left foot and leg.Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli?

A) Middle cerebral
B) Vertebral
C) Posterior cerebral
D) Anterior cerebral

Question 11

What event is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic cerebral concussion?

A) Brief period of vital sign instability
B) Cerebral edema throughout the cerebral cortex
C) Cerebral edema throughout the diencephalon
D) Disruption of axons extending from the diencephalon and brainstem

Question 12

Which condition poses the highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A) Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Polycythemia
D) Smoking

Question 13

The most common primary central nervous system (CNS)tumor is the:

A) Microglioma
B) Neuroblastoma
C) Astrocytoma
D) Neuroma

Question 14

Which vascular malformation is characterized by arteries that feed directly into veins through vascular tangles of abnormal vessels?

A) Cavernous angioma
B) Capillary telangiectasia
C) Arteriovenous angioma
D) Arteriovenous malformation

Question 15

Which disorder has clinical manifestations that include decreased consciousness for up to 6 hours,as well as retrograde and posttraumatic amnesia?

A) Mild concussion
B) Classic concussion
C) Cortical contusion
D) Acute subdural hematoma

Question 16

Microinfarcts resulting in pure motor or pure sensory deficits are the result of which type of stroke?

A) Embolic
B) Hemorrhagic
C) Lacunar
D) Thrombotic

Question 17

Atrial fibrillation,rheumatic heart disease,and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for which type of stroke?

A) Hemorrhagic
B) Thrombotic
C) Embolic
D) Lacunar

Question 18

Which cerebral vascular hemorrhage causes meningeal irritation,photophobia,and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs?

A) Intracranial
B) Subarachnoid
C) Epidural
D) Subdural

Question 19

The edema of the upper cervical cord after spinal cord injury is considered life threatening because of which possible outcome?

A) Hypovolemic shock from blood lost during the injury
B) Breathing difficulties from an impairment to the diaphragm
C) Head injury that likely occurred during the injury
D) Spinal shock immediately after the injury

Question 20

In children,most intracranial tumors are located:

A) Infratentorially
B) Supratentiorially
C) Laterally
D) Posterolaterally

Question 21

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Cryptococcus neoformans

A)Complication of mastoiditis
B)Opportunistic infection
C)CNS manifestation of tuberculosis
D)Mosquito-borne viral infection
E)Tick-borne bacterial infection

Question 22

Multiple sclerosis is best described as a(an):

A) Central nervous system demyelination, possibly from an immunogenetic virus
B) Inadequate supply of acetylcholine at the neurotransmitter junction as a result of an autoimmune disorder
C) Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system as a result of a virus
D) Degenerative disorder of lower and upper motor neurons caused by viral-immune factors

Question 23

What is the central component of the pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?

A) Myelination of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
B) Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
C) Development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS
D) Inherited autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance

Question 24

In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies)produced against acetylcholine receptors?

A) Guillain-Barré syndrome
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Myasthenia gravis
D) Parkinson disease

Question 25

Meningiomas characteristically compress from:

A) Within neural tissues
B) Outside spinal nerve roots
C) Outside the spinal cord
D) Within the subarachnoid space

Question 26

It is true that Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS):

A) Is preceded by a viral illness.
B) Involves a deficit in acetylcholine.
C) Results in asymmetric paralysis.
D) Is an outcome of HIV.

Question 27

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Encephalitis

A)Complication of mastoiditis
B)Opportunistic infection
C)CNS manifestation of tuberculosis
D)Mosquito-borne viral infection
E)Tick-borne bacterial infection

Question 28

Atheromatous plaques are most commonly found:

A) In larger veins
B) Near capillary sphincters
C) At branches of arteries
D) On the venous sinuses

Question 29

A man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe hypertension and bradycardia.He reports severe head pain and blurred vision.The most likely explanation for these clinical manifestations is that he is:

A) Experiencing acute anxiety
B) Developing spinal shock
C) Developing autonomic hyperreflexia
D) Experiencing parasympathetic areflexia

Question 30

Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of cluster headaches? (Select all that apply.)

A) Preheadache aura
B) Severe unilateral tearing
C) Gradual onset of a tight band around the head
D) Significant unilateral, temporal pain
E) Pain lasting from 30 to 120 minutes

Question 31

A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a coup injury to which region of the brain?

A) Frontal
B) Temporal
C) Parietal
D) Occipital

Question 32

The type of vascular malformation that most often results in hemorrhage is:

A) Cavernous angioma
B) Venous angioma
C) Capillary telangiectasia
D) Arteriovenous malformation

Question 33

Spinal cord injuries most likely occur in which region?

A) Cervical and thoracic
B) Thoracic and lumbar
C) Lumbar and sacral
D) Cervical and thoracic-lumbar

Question 34

The most likely rationale for body temperature fluctuations after cervical spinal cord injury is that the person has:

A) Developed bilateral pneumonia or a urinary tract infection.
B) Sustain sympathetic nervous system damage resulting in disturbed thermal control.
C) Sustained a head injury that damaged the hypothalamus's ability to regulate temperature.
D) Developed septicemia from posttrauma infection.

Question 35

What are the initial clinical manifestations immediately noted after a spinal cord injury? (Select all that apply.)

A) Headache
B) Bladder incontinence
C) Loss of deep tendon reflexes
D) Hypertension
E) Flaccid paralysis

Question 36

It is true that myasthenia gravis:

A) Is an acute autoimmune disease.
B) Affects the nerve roots.
C) May result in adrenergic crisis.
D) Causes muscle weakness.

Question 37

Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome are similar in that they both:

A) Result from demyelination by an immune reaction.
B) Cause permanent destruction of peripheral nerves.
C) Result from inadequate production of neurotransmitters.
D) Block acetylcholine receptor sites at the myoneuronal junction.

Question 38

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Meningitis

A)Complication of mastoiditis
B)Opportunistic infection
C)CNS manifestation of tuberculosis
D)Mosquito-borne viral infection
E)Tick-borne bacterial infection

Question 39

What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
B) Kaposi sarcoma
C) Toxoplasmosis
D) Cytomegalovirus

Question 40

A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a contrecoup injury to which region of the brain?

A) Frontal
B) Temporal
C) Parietal
D) Occipital

Question 41

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Brain abscess

A)Complication of mastoiditis
B)Opportunistic infection
C)CNS manifestation of tuberculosis
D)Mosquito-borne viral infection
E)Tick-borne bacterial infection

Question 42

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Lyme disease

A)Complication of mastoiditis
B)Opportunistic infection
C)CNS manifestation of tuberculosis
D)Mosquito-borne viral infection
E)Tick-borne bacterial infection