Deck 22: Fat Controlled - Mineral Modified Diets for Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are collectively referred to as _____ diseases.​

A) coronary artery
B) ​cardiovascular
C) ​coronary heart
D) ​ischemic heart
E) ​pulmonary-cardio

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement is representative of atherosclerosis?​

A) ​It can affect almost any organ in the body.
B) ​It results in malabsorption.
C) ​It can interfere with the secretion of digestive enzymes.
D) ​It is rare in women.
E) ​It is more of a venous than arterial disease.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the heart can cause a myocardial infarction.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The formation of plaque is _____.​

A) ​unrelated to high blood pressure
B) ​an inflammatory response
C) ​an autoimmune disorder
D) ​limited to smaller blood vessels
E) ​limited to the heart

Question 5

Several of the major risk factors for CHD can be modified by diet and lifestyle.​

Question 6

The risk of atherosclerosis increases with all of these factors except _____.​

A) ​smoking
B) ​exercise
C) ​aging
D) ​diabetes
E) ​hypertensive shear stress

Question 7

The number of deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is greater among men than women.​

Question 8

Atherosclerosis is dangerous to arterial function because ____.​

A) ​it causes decreased blood pressure on artery walls
B) ​it increases arterial elasticity
C) ​it narrows the arterial lumen so it is easily obstructed by a clot
D) it changes the heart rate
E) ​it decreases the ability of blood to clot

Question 9

Of the dietary lipids, cholesterol has the strongest effect on blood cholesterol levels.​

Question 10

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.​

Question 11

Researchers have determined that elevated homocysteine is a known cause of atherosclerosis.​

Question 12

The primary dietary recommendation for heart failure is protein restriction.​

Question 13

The accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue on arterial walls form _____.​

A) ​foam cells
B) ​ischemia
C) ​thrombus
D) ​cancerous cells
E) plaque

Question 14

Adaptive utensils and adequate training enable some people with feeding disabilities to be independent.​

Question 15

The four classic risk factors for CHD are _____.​

A) ​smoking, high LDL, high blood pressure, and diabetes
B) ​age, gender, family history, and diet
C) ​smoking, high HDL, high blood pressure, and diabetes
D) ​age, smoking, diet, and diabetes
E) ​age, gender, smoking, and diet

Question 16

The most common cause of an aneurysm is high blood pressure.

Question 17

Cottage cheese, American cheese, and parmesan cheese should be avoided by a person who needs to restrict their sodium intake.​

Question 18

Ischemia refers to a deficiency of blood and oxygen delivery to the tissues.​

Question 19

The primary blood cholesterol linked to increased CHD risk is _____.​

A) HDL
B) ​LDL
C) ​triglycerides
D) ​VLDL
E) ​homocysteine

Question 20

Individuals with total blood cholesterol above _____ mg/dL are at high risk for CHD disease.​

A) ​150
B) ​175
C) ​200
D) ​220
E) ​240

Question 21

Regular aerobic activity can reduce CHD risk by providing all of these benefits except _____.

A) ​strengthening the cardiovascular system
B) ​promoting weight loss
C) ​reducing blood pressure
D) ​improving blood glucose and lipid levels
E) ​lowering HDL levels

Question 22

Plant stanols and sterols help to lower LDL cholesterol and are often added to food products such as _____.

A) ​margarine
B) ​bread
C) ​milk
D) ​cereal
E) ​bottled water

Question 23

Several hours after a myocardial infarction (MI), the patient's diet should consist of _____.​

A) ​foods restricted in sodium
B) ​increased portion sizes
C) ​​more frequent meals
D) ​decreased carbohydrates
E) ​increased lipids

Question 24

Trans fats _____.​

A) ​are similar to unsaturated fats
B) are found in butter​
C) ​are found in red meat
D) ​raise the levels of HDL
E) ​are derived from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

Question 25

Research has shown that a daily intake of _____ grams of EPA and DHA fish oil supplements can lower triglyceride levels.​

A) ​1 to 2
B) ​3 to 4
C) ​4 to 6
D) ​5 to 10
E) ​10 to 12

Question 26

A person needing to lower her or his intake of saturated fat should avoid _____.

A) ​nuts
B) baked goods
C) ​fish
D) ​legumes
E) ​carbohydrates

Question 27

Plant sterols can help reduce the risk of CHD by _____.

A) ​raising HDL levels
B) ​lowering insulin and cortisol levels
C) ​lowering blood pressure
D) ​increasing coronary blood flow
E) ​lowering LDL cholesterol levels

Question 28

Low blood HDL levels are _____.​

A) ​highly predictive of CHD risk
B) ​associated with underweight
C) ​related to increased exercise
D) ​more prevalent in females
E) ​directly correlated to elevated homocysteine levels

Question 29

A common side effect of diuretic medications is _____.

A) ​dry mouth
B) ​nausea
C) ​increased taste perception
D) ​increased appetite
E) ​vomiting

Question 30

All of these substances have been found to be protective against CHD except _____.​

A) ​antioxidant nutrient supplements
B) ​eating two fatty fish meals per week
C) ​dietary fiber
D) ​moderate consumption of alcohol
E) ​moderate, regular exercise

Question 31

The general recommendation for high-risk individuals is a cholesterol intake of less than _____ milligrams per day.

A) ​100
B) ​125
C) ​150
D) ​175
E) ​200

Question 32

The DASH Eating Plan provides more _____ than the typical American diet.​

A) ​sodium
B) ​iron
C) ​calcium
D) ​zinc
E) ​water

Question 33

Which dietary factor raises triglyceride levels?​

A) ​high saturated fat intake
B) ​low soluble fiber intake
C) ​high protein intake
D) ​low cholesterol intake
E) ​high sodium intake

Question 34

The effect of _____ on cholesterol levels and CHD risk is controversial.​

A) ​meat
B) ​fish
C) ​milk
D) ​eggs
E) ​nuts

Question 35

Optimal resting blood pressure for adults is _____ mm Hg systolic over _____ mm Hg diastolic.

A) ​<105; <55
B) ​<115; <60
C) ​<120; <80
D) ​<130; <90
E) ​<140; <90

Question 36

A fiber source that may be taken in supplement form to reduce LDL cholesterol levels is _____.

A) ​oat fiber
B) ​wheat bran
C) ​psyllium seed husks
D) ​fruit skins
E) ​rolled oats

Question 37

Which statement does not characterize trans fats?​

A) ​They raise LDL levels.
B) ​They are often found in baked goods and snack foods.
C) ​Their intake should be kept as low as possible.
D) ​They raise HDL levels.
E) ​They are found in margarine, but not butter.

Question 38

Lifestyle modifications for blood pressure reduction include engaging in moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity, lasting about _____ minutes per session, at least 3 or 4 days per week

A) ​20
B) ​30
C) ​40
D) ​50
E) ​60

Question 39

Fibrates and nicotinic acid _____.

A) ​lower blood triglycerides and raise HDL
B) ​lower HDL and increase LDL
C) ​lower blood triglycerides and HDL
D) ​raise both HDL and LDL
E) ​have no effect on blood lipid levels

Question 40

To lower LDL cholesterol levels, saturated fatty acids should be restricted to _____% of daily kcalories.

A) 7
B) ​11
C) ​15
D) ​22
E) ​25

Question 41

The DASH diet for a person who needs 2000 kcal/day includes _____ servings from the fruit group per day.

A) 1-2​
B) ​2-3
C) ​4-5
D) ​6-7
E) ​7-8

Question 42

Which dietary adjustment increases the effectiveness of the DASH diet?

A) ​low sodium intake
B) ​high protein intake
C) ​supplements of water-soluble vitamins
D) ​low potassium intake
E) ​increased water intake

Question 43

Compared to the typical American diet, the DASH diet provides _____.

A) ​more fruits and vegetables
B) ​less milk and dairy products
C) ​more grains and fat
D) ​more meat
E) ​more water

Question 44

An alternate choice for the butter that Mrs. Winslow uses that could help lower her cholesterol is _____.

A) ​stick margarine
B) ​margarine that contains plant sterols or stanols
C) ​soft margarine
D) ​margarine made from corn oil
E) ​margarine rich in saturated fats

Question 45

Assuming Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall is typical of her eating habits, her high cholesterol is most likely due to a _____.

A) ​high intake of saturated fat
B) ​high intake of fiber
C) ​low intake of polyunsaturated fat
D) ​low intake of simple sugars
E) ​high intake of sodium

Question 46

All of these lifestyle modifications can help in the treatment of hypertension except _____.

A) ​reducing weight, if overweight
B) ​reducing sodium intake
C) ​increasing calcium intake
D) ​restricting fluid intake
E) ​reducing alcohol consumption to one drink per day

Question 47

Which health professional is least likely to help patients with feeding disabilities develop alternative feeding strategies?

A) ​speech-language pathologist
B) ​physical therapist
C) ​occupational therapist
D) ​dietitian
E) ​psychiatrist

Question 48

Health authorities recommend that individuals with hypertension increase their intake of _____.

A) ​sodium, chloride, and potassium
B) ​calcium, phosphorus, and zinc
C) ​potassium, calcium, and magnesium
D) ​folate, vitamin B₁₂, and calcium
E) ​vitamins A, C and D

Question 49

Which health professional is not involved in the care of patients with feeding disabilities?

A) ​nurse
B) ​occupational therapist
C) ​pharmacist
D) ​dietitian
E) ​gastroenterologists

Question 50

Mrs. Winslow's HDL level is considered _____.​

A) ​desirable
B) ​borderline risk
C) ​high risk
D) ​severely elevated risk
E) ​normal

Question 51

A common nutritional problem among people with disabilities is _____.

A) ​decreased energy needs
B) ​increased protein needs
C) ​inadequate food intake
D) ​increased fluid needs
E) ​increased fat intake

Question 52

Which factor does not contribute to Mrs. Winslow's increased risk for developing CHD?

A) ​high triglycerides
B) ​age
C) ​gender
D) ​intake of saturated fats
E) ​intake of sweetened foods and beverages

Question 53

To follow the DASH diet, patients should _____.

A) ​choose fruit and unsalted pretzels as snacks
B) ​use bouillon cubes and soy sauce to flavor foods
C) ​avoid nuts and seeds
D) ​reduce the amount of fiber consumed
E) ​use red meat and poultry as primary protein source

Question 54

In working with patients with disabilities, a valuable method for assessing current eating behaviors is _____.

A) ​interviewing the patients
B) ​directly observing patients during mealtimes
C) ​conducting nutrition histories
D) ​talking with the occupational therapist
E) ​interviewing the patient's family

Question 55

A patient who is following a low-sodium diet should avoid _____.

A) ​canned fruit
B) ​fresh meat
C) ​tomato-based products
D) ​milk
E) ​whole wheat flour

Question 56

Based on her 24-hour recall, which dietary recommendation is appropriate for Mrs. Winslow if she is to lower her blood lipids with diet alone?

A) ​Eat more whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
B) ​Consume less milk and ice cream.
C) ​Choose foods high in insoluble fibers.
D) ​Eat fewer carbohydrates and choose more high-protein foods.
E) ​Continue her current diet as the lab results indicate her high lipids are due to genetic abnormalities.

Question 57

To reduce her risk of CHD, Mrs. Winslow's LDL should be _____ mg/dL.​

A) ​<100
B) ​<130
C) ​>140
D) ​>120
E) ​<150

Question 58

Which factor does not increase the risk of hypertension?

A) ​aging
B) ​salt sensitivity
C) ​alcohol abuse
D) ​excessive calcium intake
E) ​obesity

Question 59

The DASH diet limits the intake of _____.

A) ​fiber
B) ​potassium
C) ​magnesium
D) ​saturated fat
E) ​calcium

Question 60

Chronic protein-energy malnutrition that develops as a consequence of heart failure is called _____.

A) ​congestive heart failure
B) ​cardiomegaly
C) ​cardiac cachexia
D) ​tachycardia
E) ​cardiomyopathy

Question 61

A patient who takes _____ must avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice.

A) ​warfarin
B) ​ACE inhibitor
C) ​statins
D) ​digoxin
E) ​diruetics

Question 62

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
angina pectoris

Question 63

One effective way to lower LDL cholesterol levels is to _____.

A) ​use reduced-fat margarine
B) ​use margarines made with plant sterols
C) ​switch from butter to margarine
D) ​use butter instead of margarine
E) ​use margarine high in trans fats

Question 64

A patient with heart failure complains of a poor appetite and weakness, and the nurse notices that he has begun losing weight. The nurse recognizes this as _____.

A) cardiac cachexia​
B) ​anorexia nervosa
C) ​cardiomyopathy
D) ​myocardial infarction
E) ​congenital cardiomyopathy

Question 65

People with tremors, spasticity, and uneven or jerky movements may benefit from the use of _____.

A) ​a rocker knife
B) ​a cutout plastic cup
C) ​weighted utensils
D) ​a battery-powered feeding machine
E) ​flexible utensils

Question 66

A patient has begun taking furosemide to manage heart failure. Which foods should she consume frequently?

A) ​legumes
B) ​peanut butter
C) ​bananas and other potassium-rich foods
D) ​milk and other milk products
E) ​proteins

Question 67

A patient's lipid profile shows elevated total cholesterol and LDL. Which nutrition intervention is recommended?

A) ​Eat less fiber.
B) ​Consume less saturated fat.
C) ​Consume less polyunsaturated fat.
D) ​Eat more protein.
E) ​Consume more carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 68

You are counseling a patient who recently had a heart attack. Which dietary recommendations would be most appropriate?

A) Eat two servings of fatty fish per week.​
B) ​Consume fewer whole grains.
C) ​Consume fewer fruits and vegetables.
D) ​Use salt substitutes.
E) ​Consume more poultry.

Question 69

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
cardiovascular disease

Question 70

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
coronary heart disease

Question 71

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
atherosclerosis

Question 72

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
foam cells

Question 73

Mrs. Smith is a 59-year-old African-American female who is 5' 2" tall and weighs 180 pounds (BMI 33). She is a smoker who engages in no physical activity, and her diet history shows a high intake of saturated fat and sodium, as well as excess kcalories. Her lipid profile shows elevated LDL and decreased levels of HDL. In order to improve Mrs. Smith's blood lipid profile, the nurse makes all of these recommendations except _____.

A) ​quit smoking
B) ​eat less saturated fat
C) ​increase physical activity
D) ​reduce intake of fatty fish
E) ​lose weight

Question 74

A patient who takes _____ needs to monitor their vitamin K intake.

A) ​warfarin
B) ​ACE inhibitor
C) ​statins
D) ​digoxin
E) ​diruetics

Question 75

A patient who takes _____ needs to monitor their supplements for the presence of natural licorice.

A) ​warfarin
B) ​ACE inhibitors
C) ​statins
D) ​digoxin
E) ​nicotinic acid

Question 76

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
embolism

Question 77

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
ischemia

Question 78

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
aneurysm

Question 79

Matching
a. the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death
b. a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries
c. a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region
d. a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels
e. inadequate blood supply within tissues due to obstructed blood flow in the arteries
f. an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall
g. an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood
h. swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids
i. a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries
j. death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; also called a heart attack or cardiac arrest
embolus

Question 80

People with only one arm or hand may benefit from using a _____ when eating.

A) ​utensil holder
B) ​rocker knife
C) ​flexible straw
D) ​two-handed cup
E) ​utensil holders