Deck 1: A Cultural Approach to Child Development

Question 1

Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in ____.

A) developed countries
B) developing countries Correct. In contrast, the population growth rate in developed countries is expected to decline.
C) emerging countries Incorrect. The textbook does not refer to emerging countries, rather developing countries.
D) South American countries

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution,yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on ____. a their genetic lineage
B) their culture Correct. Culture is the varying factor.
C) the strength of their id
D) the expression of their phenotype Incorrect. Phenotype is one's complete genetic makeup; culture is a much stronger contributor to differences in individuals' lives.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago.What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time?

A) the discovery of medicine
B) the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals Correct. Agriculture and the domestication of animals both contributed to the increase in population. But after this increase in the population, the growth rate was very slow for thousands of years.
C) an increase in the size of women's pelvic openings that assisted in labor Incorrect. Women's pelvic openings did not change during this time and have remained the same.
D) construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?

A) Families increased the average number of children per household from one to three children.
B) Less women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
C) The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply. Incorrect. Agriculture and the domestication of animals both contributed to the increase in population 10,000 years ago. But after this increase in the population, the growth rate was very slow for thousands of years.
D) More people lived due to the discovery of vaccinations and medical treatments for deadly diseases. Correct. Major medical advances kept people alive and healthy.

Question 5

____ is the total pattern of a group's customs,beliefs,art,and technology.

A) Culture
B) Ethnicity
C) Race
D) Nationality

Question 6

What will happen to the populations of developed countries during the next few decades and beyond? They will _____.

A) increase more than developing countries Incorrect. The population of developed countries will decline in population.
B) remain stable in population
C) decrease Correct. Population growth rates in developed countries have been declining and will continue to do so as the fertility rate is below the replacement rate.
D) increase slowly

Question 7

What trend is occurring with the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR)over the past 10 years?

A) The TFR is continuing to increase sharply.
B) The TFR is continuing to decline sharply.
C) The TFR has continued to hold steady for the past ten years.
D) The TFR is continuing to increase gradually.

Question 8

What is the current total fertility rate (TFR)worldwide?

A) 1.4
B) 2.5
C) 4.2
D) 5.6

Question 9

Given what is known about the population changes in the past 10 years,which country is likely to see the highest total fertility rate (TFR)?

A) United States
B) Canada Incorrect. Canada is a developed country and will likely see a decrease in population.
C) South Korea
D) India Correct. India is considered an economically developing country and will likely see a population increase.

Question 10

At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR)become the replacement rate?

A) 1.4
B) 2.1
C) 2.8
D) 3.2

Question 11

What is the total pattern of a group's customs,beliefs,art,and technology?

A) clan
B) society Incorrect. A society refers to a group of people.
C) culture Correct. A group's customs refers to culture.
D) beliefs

Question 12

For most of human history how many children did women typically birth?

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 8
C) 10 to 12
D) 13 to 15

Question 13

If current trends continue,when will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR)reach the replacement rate?

A) 2020
B) 2050
C) 2080
D) 3010

Question 14

How long did it take the human population to double from 500 million to 1 billion?

A) 150 years
B) 300 years
C) 450 years
D) 600 years

Question 15

The human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion between 1800 and 1930.What led to this increase in population?

A) government-controlled farming
B) globalization and shared resources Incorrect. Globalization did not happen until much later, even though there was some sharing of discoveries.
C) medical advances that eliminated many diseases Correct. The elimination or sharp reduction of diseases like smallpox, typhus, and cholera helped the population growth rate skyrocket.
D) people had more children

Question 16

The total fertility rate (TFR)is defined as the number of ____.

A) births per woman
B) conceptions per woman
C) women within child-bearing age
D) women on fertility drugs

Question 17

When did the human population reach 500 million people?

A) 400 years ago
B) 1,000 years ago
C) 4,000 years ago
D) 10,000 years ago

Question 18

____ is the number of births per woman.

A) Total fertility rate
B) Expressive births
C) Implicit calculation of replacement
D) The sum of replacement

Question 19

The way people grow and change from conception through emerging adulthood is referred to as ____.

A) child development
B) child evolution
C) change
D) growth

Question 20

According to the text,for most of history the total human population was under ______.

A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 100 million
D) 1 billion

Question 21

What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?

A) affluent countries Incorrect. Affluent countries are referred to as "developed" countries.
B) developed countries Correct. These include the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, nearly all of Europe, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand.
C) developing countries
D) population-rich countries

Question 22

What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?

A) the United States
B) Germany
C) Japan
D) Canada

Question 23

Developed countries can be viewed as ____,whereas developing countries can be seen as ____.

A) wealthy; populated Correct. The majority of the world's wealth is located in developed nations; 82 percent of the world's population is located in developing nations.
B) populated; wealthy
C) collective; individualistic
D) individualistic; collective Incorrect. It is a misconception that all developed nations are individualistic.

Question 24

___ refers to the most affluent countries in the world.

A) Developed countries
B) Developing countries
C) Collective cultures
D) Individualistic cultures

Question 25

____ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression,whereas ____ cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony.

A) Individualistic; collective
B) Collective; individualistic
C) Developed; developing
D) Developing; developed

Question 26

What percent of children in developing countries complete primary schooling?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 27

Statistically speaking,a child born today will most likely be from ______.

A) a developing country Correct. 82 percent of the world's population is located in developing countries.
B) a developed country Incorrect. Developed nations or economically wealthy countries make up 18 percent of the world's population and are stable in population growth.
C) an economically wealthy country
D) a high social economic status culture

Question 28

What term is used in the text to refer to countries which have less wealth,but are experiencing rapid economic growth?

A) impoverished countries Incorrect. Countries that have less wealth, but are experiencing rapid economic growth are referred to as "developing" countries.
B) developed countries
C) developing countries Correct. These are countries, such as India and China, that have less wealth but are experiencing rapid economic growth.
D) population-rich countries

Question 29

What portion of the United States' population will increase from 16 to 30 percent by 2050?

A) African American
B) Anglo American
C) Asian American
D) Latino

Question 30

What percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-secondary training?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 31

What percent of the current world's population lives in the most affluent countries?

A) 18%
B) 34%
C) 51%
D) 68%

Question 32

What percent of the world's population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 33

Between now and 2050,what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to?

A) immigration Correct. As with most developed nations, the total female birthrate in the United States has been decreasing, but people are emigrating to the United States in steady numbers.
B) total fertility rates are higher than the replacement rate
C) more females are being born than males
D) in-vitro fertilization Incorrect. The population of the United States will increase by 2050, but this increase will be due to immigration.

Question 34

Developed countries roughly make up ____ of the world's population,whereas,developing countries make up ____.

A) 18%, 82%
B) 27%, 73%
C) 37%, 63%
D) 47%, 57%

Question 35

What percent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 36

The United States,Canada,Japan,South Korea,Australia,New Zealand,and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of ____.

A) developed countries Correct. As economic powerhouses, these countries are considered developed.
B) developing countries
C) collective cultures
D) individualistic cultures Incorrect. Yes, some are individualistic cultures; however, Asian countries often have collective cultures.

Question 37

Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade,what region remains the poorest region in the world?

A) Africa
B) South America
C) Southeast Asia
D) Western Australia

Question 38

José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to attend grade school but not college.Jose was most likely born in a ____.

A) developed country
B) developing country Correct. Poverty and lack of education are issues in many developing countries.
C) collective culture Incorrect. José most likely lives in a developing country, which should not be confused with a collective culture, although many developing countries do share this trait.
D) individualistic culture

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding population changes by country?

A) Japan is projected to drop in population due to a low fertility rate. Correct. Japan is experiencing a low fertility rate as well as very limited immigration. As a result, Japan will drop in population.
B) England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate (TFR).
C) Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
D) The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration. Incorrect. The United States is the only developed country that is projected to increase in population.

Question 40

What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has millions of illegal immigrants as well?

A) the United States Correct. If trends continue, the United States will have nearly 100 million more immigrants by the year 2050.
B) Canada Incorrect. The most immigration occurs in the United States.
C) Germany
D) Japan

Question 41

Who attends colleges,universities,and other forms of post-secondary education in developing countries?

A) the wealthy elite
B) most of the population
C) about half of the middle class
D) about one-fourth of the middle class

Question 42

The expectations cultures have for males and females are different from the time they ____.However,the degree of the differences ____.

A) are conceived; is minimal among cultures
B) are born; varies greatly among cultures
C) reach puberty; is consistent among cultures
D) reach adulthood; is minimal among nations

Question 43

What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade,travel,migration,and communication?

A) globalization Correct. The pace of globalization has accelerated over the past few decades.
B) social networks Incorrect. Social networks are a part of globalization.
C) the Internet
D) small world syndrome

Question 44

Infant mortality in the United States is higher among ____ families than in ____ families,in part because ____.

A) middle-SES; low-SES; middle-SES mothers are more likely to live in rural parts of the country
B) middle-SES; high-SES; middle-SES fathers are more likely to be absent from the family
C) high-SES; low-SES; high-SES mothers are not likely to consume fluoride in their drinking water
D) low-SES; high-SES; low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care

Question 45

What general values do developed countries tend to regard highly?

A) collectivistic Incorrect. Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values, in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values.
B) individualistic Correct. Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values, in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values.
C) traditional
D) modern

Question 46

Within any given country,which of the following sets most of the norms and standards,and holds most of the positions of political,economic,intellectual,and media power?

A) majority culture
B) minority culture
C) ethnic populace
D) subcultural groups

Question 47

Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political,economic,intellectual,and media power in most countries?

A) power culture
B) controlling culture Incorrect. The majority culture sets the norms and standards of a country.
C) minority culture
D) majority culture Correct. The majority culture is generally made of people with high socioeconomic status.

Question 48

What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly?

A) collectivistic Correct. Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values, in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values.
B) individualistic Incorrect. Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values, in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values.
C) traditional
D) modern

Question 49

____ includes an individual's educational level,income level,and occupational status.

A) Nationality
B) Ethnicity
C) Sociohistorical index
D) Socioeconomic status

Question 50

____ may include a variety of components,such as cultural origin,cultural traditions,race,religion,and language.

A) Ethnicity
B) Race
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Cultural independency

Question 51

Globalization is ____.

A) the number of births per woman
B) the ways people grow and change across the life span
C) the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology
D) the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication

Question 52

Individuals from collectivist cultures would be most likely to value _____.

A) making independent decisions Incorrect. This is a value that is associated with individualistic culture.
B) spending time alone
C) getting along with their family members Correct. Social harmony is a value often attributed to collectivist culture.
D) receiving praise for hard work on an academic exam

Question 53

LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a pediatrician.Her current socioeconomic status is likely ____; however,when she becomes an established pediatrician,her socioeconomic status will be ____.

A) low; high Correct. Having a lower level of education, a lower income, and a low occupational status, a waitress would be at a lower SES; physicians have one of the highest levels of education, a very high income, and high occupational status, therefore they qualify as higher SES.
B) high; moderate Incorrect. A waitress with only a high school diploma has a lower level of education, income, and occupational status than a physician, so LaWanda currently has a lower SES than she will when she becomes a pediatrician.
C) high; low
D) moderate; low

Question 54

In American culture,a physician spends 12 years in college and training,generally has a high income,and possesses a strong occupational status.In terms of socioeconomic status,a physician would most likely be _____.

A) low SES Incorrect. A high socioeconomic status is related to education, income, and occupational status. In the United States, doctors generally have a high SES.
B) middle SES
C) moderate SES
D) high SES Correct. Having a higher level of education, strong economic wealth, and high occupational status, a physician would be deemed high SES.

Question 55

What term is often used to refer to a person's social class,which includes educational level,income level,and occupational status?

A) social class status
B) socioeconomic status
C) tax bracket status
D) education status

Question 56

Also referred to as a person's social class,his or her ____ includes their level of education,income,and occupational status.

A) socioeconomic status
B) ethnicity
C) culture
D) sociohistorical index

Question 57

What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developed or developing countries,who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?

A) agrarian cultures
B) conventional cultures Incorrect. The term is traditional cultures-ones that adhere to the historical aspects of their culture. These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times.
C) traditional cultures Correct. These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times, and can be found in both developed and developing countries.
D) rural cultures

Question 58

What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin,cultural traditions,race,religion,and language?

A) gender
B) race Incorrect. The correct term is ethnicity, of which race is just one part.
C) ethnicity Correct. Ethnicity is a crucial part of human development.
D) age

Question 59

In the United States,which of the following would be considered the minority culture?

A) Republican and Democratic political parties Incorrect. The majority culture sets the norms and standards of a country.
B) the wealthiest 1% of the population
C) individuals who did not complete high school Correct. The minority culture has little power under a majority culture.
D) the motion picture and radio industries

Question 60

What percentage of the world's population lives in the United States?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 61

Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature than they were for earlier hominids,resulting in ____.

A) a greater likelihood of death at birth Incorrect. The larger, more immature brains resulted in a longer time period of infant dependency on their parents.
B) a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
C) a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents Correct. This is a trait that modern humans share with their early Homo ancestors.
D) a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening

Question 62

Which of the following best describes natural selection?

A) Individuals are striving to find consistency between their ideal self, their real self, and their fear self.
B) Humans are born as blank slates and they are conditioned unknowingly and without free will by their environment.
C) Humans are in a constant struggle to control their unconscious urges for physical gratification and aggressive impulses.
D) Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.

Question 63

Human art first appeared during the ____.

A) Upper Paleolithic period
B) Lower Mesozoic period
C) Middle Cenozoic period
D) Lower Jurassic period

Question 64

Charles Darwin,in his book The Origin of Species,first proposed the theory of _____.

A) natural selection
B) social Darwinism
C) psychosocial reproduction
D) the unconscious id

Question 65

By 200,000 years ago,the early hominid species had evolved into our species: ______.

A) Homo sapiens
B) Hydro sapiens
C) Poly sapiens
D) Hetero sapiens

Question 66

The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the _____.

A) hominid line
B) Neolithic line
C) Upper Paleolithic line
D) amphibious line

Question 67

Which of the following is an indicator of the Upper Paleolithic period in human evolutionary history?

A) Humans began to bury their dead.
B) Humans began to walk.
C) Humans began to read.
D) Humans began hunting animals.

Question 68

When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens?

A) 20,000 years ago
B) 200,000 years ago
C) 2,000,000 years ago
D) 20,000,000 years ago

Question 69

Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species?

A) Alfred Binet
B) Francis Galton
C) Charles Darwin
D) Robert Hook

Question 70

In the book ____,Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection.

A) The Origin of Species
B) Principles of Psychology
C) On Becoming a Person
D) Walden Two

Question 71

What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to survive because they were born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to their environment?

A) evolution Incorrect. The correct term, natural selection, describes the adaptability of organisms, which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution.
B) adaptive centrism
C) mutational change
D) natural selection Correct. Natural selection describes the adaptability of organisms, which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution.

Question 72

Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period?

A) the bow and arrow and the spear thrower
B) the gun and canon
C) the folding-blade knife and shovel
D) the pistol and shotgun

Question 73

It is clear that during the ____ humans began to use boats and trade with others.

A) Upper Paleolithic period
B) Lower Mesozoic period
C) Middle Cenozoic period
D) Lower Jurassic period

Question 74

In ____,the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics.Among the young,those who will be ____ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.

A) Social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
B) the Theory of Psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
C) natural selection; most likely to survive
D) Humanistic Psychology; congruent between their different "selves"

Question 75

The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last _____.

A) Ice Age
B) period of global warming
C) devastating tsunami
D) eruption of a Super Volcano

Question 76

In a town in England,the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern.Over the years,as air pollution worsened in the town,a coat of black soot often covered everything.From an evolutionary perspective,which of the following is a logical sequencing?

A) Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background. Correct. Butterflies that were slightly darker were less likely to be spotted by predators, and more likely to survive and reproduce; over consecutive generations the larger group of butterflies became darker.
B) Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background. Incorrect. The butterflies became lighter only after the amount of pollution was decreased and soot no longer darkened everything in the environment, leaving the lighter butterflies now less vulnerable to predators.
C) Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot.
D) Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.

Question 77

How much larger are the brains of Homo sapiens than the brains of the early Homo species that immediately preceded us?

A) approximately 100cc
B) approximately 300cc
C) approximately 500cc
D) approximately 700cc

Question 78

The Upper Paleolithic period was from ______.

A) 4,000 to about 1,000 years ago
B) 6,000 to about 60,000 years ago
C) 40,000 to about 10,000 years ago
D) 60,000 to about 300,000 years ago

Question 79

Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama.When asked his political and religious beliefs,he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States.At times,his friends amuse themselves at Kalid's expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent.The above statements are describing Kalid's ______.

A) nationality Incorrect. If one were to solely focus on Kalid's citizenship, nationality would be correct; however, ethnicity is the correct term because it includes components such as race, cultural traditions, and language.
B) race
C) ethnicity Correct. An individual's country of origin, religion, and language all contribute to his or her ethnicity.
D) mainstream cultural group

Question 80

How much larger was the size of early Homo's brain compared to the brains of earlier hominids?

A) 55%
B) 70%
C) 100%
D) 200%