Deck 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years

Question 1

The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes,whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes.

A)self-esteem / self-efficacy
B)self-concept / self-system
C)self-efficacy / self-esteem
D)self-concept / self-esteem

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.In this example,which of the following statements is true with regard to internalization of standards?

A)Sasha's father supported her internalization of rules of behavior because he exerted his authority.
B)Sasha's father did not support her internalization of rules of behavior because she only complied out of fear.
C)Sasha's father supported her internalization of rules because he considered the needs of her baby sister.
D)Sasha's father did not support her internalization of rules because she was too young to understand what rules are.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters.Her kindergarten teacher,frustrated by failed attempts to teach her,says to Becky,"All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others.Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of self-development?

A)Becky will develop a sense of agency because she is more motivated to compete with her peers.
B)Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support.
C)Becky will work harder to develop her sense of self-esteem.
D)Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.What is Sasha most likely to learn from repeated experiences like this one?

A)Sasha will associate bedtime with threats and avoid going to bed even more.
B)Sasha will focus on the reason why it is not a good idea to make a lot of noise.
C)Sasha will come to believe that her father prefers her baby sister.
D)Sasha will learn how angry her father gets when she refuses to do what he wants.

Question 5

Which of the following best represents Mead's contribution to our understanding of self-development?

A)Children use information about the ways others react to them to help construct their sense of self.
B)Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self.
C)Children view themselves as good or bad depending upon their parents' aspirations and pretentions.
D)Children develop an agentic self when parents are responsive to their needs.

Question 6

Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons,Jason and Keith.When she comes home from her job,she likes to spend time playing with them,preparing their favorite foods,and watching TV with them.She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children.Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school.Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son.She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children.Which style best describes Annette's parenting?

A)Authoritarian.
B)Authoritative.
C)Permissive.
D)Neglecting-uninvolved.

Question 7

Alex is 22 months of age.He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table,but he sometimes still does so.His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing.What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control?

A)With repeated experience,Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.
B)Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food.
C)Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand the nature of the food.
D)Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective.

Question 8

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use?

A)Induction.
B)Power assertion.
C)Withdrawal of love.
D)Rule-giving.

Question 9

Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method?

A)Induction.
B)Power assertion.
C)Withdrawal of love.
D)Permissiveness.

Question 10

At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition,the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror?

A)By 10 months.
B)By 13 months.
C)By 18 months.
D)By 3 years.

Question 11

Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter.The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative.The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter.Marie is unsure about what to do.Based upon information presented in this chapter,what would you say to Marie?

A)Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand.
B)Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue.
C)Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says.
D)Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.

Question 12

Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the self is ____________ in nature.

A)multidimensional
B)bidimensional
C)unidimensional
D)non-dimensional

Question 13

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.How would you explain Sasha's compliance?

A)Sasha complied because she was afraid.
B)Sasha complied because she didn't want to wake up her baby sister.
C)Sasha complied because it was the right thing to do.
D)Sasha complied because she understood her father's position.

Question 14

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed.John's actions appears to elicit ____________ in Sasha.

A)mild anxious arousal
B)intense anxious arousal
C)mild aggression
D)intense aggression

Question 15

Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children.One example is that Puerto Rican mothers wanted their children to recognize their obligations and connectedness to others; their goals for their children were more ____________ than the goals of European American mothers.

A)individualistic
B)sociocentric
C)authoritative
D)contextual

Question 16

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the

A)self-concept.
B)attachment.
C)intelligence.
D)conscience.

Question 17

Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center.He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt.Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores,preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side.Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety.Based upon the research cited in this chapter,what advice could you give her?

A)She should spank him because this is the only type of discipline he understands at his age.
B)She should use gentle discipline so that he is not frightened by her.
C)She should remember that Juan will be more likely to comply if she explains the rules and reasons for her worries.
D)She should remember that Juan will be less likely to comply if she is too warm.

Question 18

Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to in generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety?

A)Induction.
B)Power assertion.
C)Withdrawal of love.
D)Neglectfulness.

Question 19

Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children.Which of the following statements is true in this regard?

A)European American mothers were more likely than Puerto Rican mothers to use directives and commands with their children.
B)Puerto Rican mothers showed more warmth toward their children than European American mothers.
C)Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to use directives and issue commands with their children.
D)European American mothers showed more warmth toward their children than Puerto Rican mothers.

Question 20

Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control?

A)Self-esteem.
B)Authoritarian discipline.
C)Emotion regulation.
D)Power assertion.

Question 21

A family comes to a counselor with the following problem.Both parents come home from work tired.Dinner is rushed because homework time for the 3^rd grade twins takes hours.Bath and bedtime have become daily battles.The parents threaten the children,but the children typically get their parents to give in.This is best described as an example of

A)coercive family patterns.
B)familial aggressive patterns.
C)instrumental reinforcement patterns.
D)negative punishment cycles.

Question 22

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.Which behavior is most likely to increase next time?

A)Doing homework.
B)Losing TV privileges.
C)Parent's involvement with homework.
D)TV viewing.

Question 23

Discuss the relationship between child temperament and parent disciplinary style.,

Question 24

According to Crittendon's model,infants who have avoidant attachment classifications have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning?

A)Intermittent reinforcement for displays of affect.
B)Intermittent punishment for displays of affect.
C)Predictable reinforcement for displays of affect.
D)Predictable punishment for displays of affect.

Question 25

Negative reinforcement is best described as

A)a punishment that serves to reduce a problematic behavior.
B)when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed,strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness.
C)a negative consequence that follows a behavior.
D)a consequence that reinforces negative behavior.

Question 26

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.Which of the following best illustrates the negative reinforcement cycle that is operating in this example?

A)Leila is more likely to continue the conflict when Surya raises her voice.
B)Leila is allowed to watch TV longer if she keeps arguing with her mother.
C)Surya is more likely to gain compliance when she threatens Leila.
D)Leila is more likely to do her homework if she understands the material.

Question 27

Describe the way social referencing might explain the acquisition of certain fears in children.Page 173)

Question 28

For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages,which of the following statements is true?

A)Parents should consistently enforce a limited number of rules regardless of the age of the child.
B)Parents need to treat all children in the family the same way
C)Parents need to be flexible as children get older and adjust their rules and expectations to developmentally changing competencies and needs.
D)Parents can relax their control of older children because these children have passed the critical period of the preschool years when learning rules is most important.
E)g.,granting privileges,etc.)or they risk sending the message that they favor one child over another.

Question 29

According to Crittendon's model,infants encode early experiences of care-giving in the form of

A)semantic memories.
B)procedural memories.
C)conditional memories.
D)metacognitive memories.

Question 30

A counselor is running a parents' group when the topic of spanking as a disciplinary technique is raised.What is the most accurate statement based on research that the counselor can offer?

A)Spanking is one of a variety of techniques that are effective in teaching prosocial skills to children.
B)Spanking should be used with young children for potentially dangerous kinds of misbehavior like running across a street because it is the only thing they understand under the circumstances.
C)Spanking is the best way to discipline young children but only when it is accompanied by a hug or some show of affection afterward.
D)Spanking may gain immediate compliance,but it does not aid development of self-regulation and it may increases a child's aggressiveness.

Question 31

Counselors who do parent training primarily use which approach for this work?

A)Learning theory.
B)Rational-emotive therapy.
C)Person-centered therapy.
D)Adlerian therapy.

Question 32

Create a case study of a family with children who are showing behavior problems.Outline the steps you would take as a counselor to treat this family while paying particular attention to the developmental needs of the children.e.g.,sadness,shame,guilt)is unacceptable and should be avoided.The counselor could work with the father to help him see that his daughter may appear to be "good" and self-reliant,but there are costs associated her inability to regulate and express her true emotions.The counselor could help the father work towards ensuring his daughter evaluates her self-worth based on her own appraisals and does not overly rely on the appraisals of others.The counselor can work with the entire family to discuss the issue of compulsive caregiving.The 12 year-old daughter may be at risk to engage in compulsive caregiving in which she begins to emotionally take care of the father.The counselor should encourage the father to use an authoritative parenting style and not encourage his daughter to be overly self-reliant or believe she must always show positive emotions.

Question 33

According to Crittendon's model,infants who have anxious-ambivalent attachments have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning?

A)Predictable punishment for displays of affect.
B)Unpredictable reinforcement for expressions of need.
C)Negative reinforcement for expressions of positive emotion
C)Predictable reinforcement for displays of positive emotion.

Question 34

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.This scenario is an example of which phenomenon?

A)Patterson's coercive family process.
B)Maccoby's authoritative parenting.
C)Baumrind's authoritarian parenting.
D)James' egocentric family process.

Question 35

Discuss the pros and cons of corporal punishment as a disciplinary method.Why might its effectiveness differ for different cultural groups? What questions remain to be answered about the relationship between culture and disciplinary style? ,

Question 36

Becoming aware of the "Me" self,the self that recognizes one's gender and age,occurs roughly around what age?

A)At 1 year.
B)Around 3 years.
C)By 5 to 6 years.
D)Not until 7 years of age.

Question 37

Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person?

A)Anger.
B)Guilt.
C)Fear.
D)Disgust.