Deck 20: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Gentrification is the process by which portions of the inner city are taken over by working-class or homeless people.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to Marx, what is the cause of overpopulation?

A)exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie
B)the subjugation of women
C)the declining wages of the lower-class bourgeoisie
D)the increased powerlessness of the middle class

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The peripheral model of cities proposes a series of concentric zones.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Human ecology holds that three processes stimulate the growth of cities: gentrification, peripheralization, and corporatization.

Question 5

Harbinder is employed by the government to analyze the migration routes of people from the British Commonwealth, seeing where people from each country migrated in each year.What is Harbinder employed as?

A)an urban sociologist
B)a demographer
C)a rural-urban statistician
D)a demographic transition theorist

Question 6

One of the criticisms against Louis Wirth's urban way of life is that he placed too much emphasis on social intimacy and networks of involvement.

Question 7

New urban sociologists believe city growth is a process rooted in power relations and profit motives.

Question 8

A nation in Asia has calculated that seven children are born alive for every 1000 people in the population in a particular year.In this example, what does the number seven refer to?

A)the fertility rate
B)the birth rate
C)the crude birth rate
D)the total fertility rate

Question 9

According to Louis Wirth, the city creates a distinct way of life that is socially destructive.

Question 10

Karl Marx's analysis of overpopulation is based on the idea that capitalism can never generate enough prosperity to solve the overpopulation problem.However, he was wrong because overpopulation is not a serious problem in modern capitalist countries like the United States and Germany.

Question 11

According to the textbook, which of the following most powerfully shapes the postmodern city?

A)gentrification
B)the underground economy
C)growth coalitions
D)globalization

Question 12

Industrialization is one of the primary forces in the development of cities.

Question 13

Demography is the study of cities and urban development.

Question 14

According to Thomas Robert Malthus, because the food supply increases geometrically, a population will always have enough to eat.

Question 15

John Hannigan defined the corporate city as a vehicle for capital accumulation.

Question 16

According to demographic transition theory, the main factors underlying population dynamics are industrialization and the growth of modern cultural values.

Question 17

Thomas Robert Malthus believed that aid to the poor is counterproductive for population control.

Question 18

Cities first emerged in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Egypt 5000 to 6000 years ago, long before the growth of the modern factory.

Question 19

When Indian officials reintroduced patterns of traditional gender inequality into the state of Kerala, fertility rates dropped sharply.

Question 20

Brazil is characterized by more inequality of wealth than any other country in the world.This stark inequality is highly observable in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Question 21

According to the textbook, which of the following was the concentric zone model most applicable to at the beginning of the twentieth century?

A)New York's inner city
B)America's industrial cities
C)Toronto's suburbs
D)European preindustrial cities

Question 22

What did the government of Kerala, India, lower in order to solve its overpopulation problem?

A)the level of class inequality
B)the level of gender inequality
C)the level of ethnic inequality
D)the level of age inequality

Question 23

Many of the world's largest cities grew alongside the development of the modern factory.Which of the following best reflects sociological theorizing about this growth?

A)Urbanization causes industrialization.
B)Industrialization causes urbanization.
C)To some degree, urbanization results from industrialization.
D)Industrialization and urbanization are coincidental developments.

Question 24

Christopher, a gay man living in a small town, gets his social needs met mainly through Internet chat rooms with other gay men and lesbians in big cities.Which of the following does his experience reflect a critique of?

A)urban competition and differentiation
B)Gans's characterization of rural villagers
C)urban ecological succession
D)Wirth's characterization of the urban way of life

Question 25

What trend is tracked by the demographic transition theory, which addresses changing fertility and mortality rates over time?

A)an alarming increase in death rates in the developing countries
B)dramatically increasing fertility rates in the underdeveloped world
C)increasing birth and death rates in overurbanized cities worldwide
D)a movement from high to low birth and death rates in wealthier nations

Question 26

Annie is a Marxist who has developed a critique of the Malthusian perspective.Which of the following arguments is she most likely to make?

A)Capitalism does produce poverty, but it is not solely responsible for the population problem.
B)Socialist economies have very different demographic trends than capitalist societies.
C)Unchecked population growth would reduce geometric food growth.
D)Overpopulation comes when capitalists exploit workers with low wages.

Question 27

In what type of country are most of the fastest-growing cities in the world today?

A)industrialized nations
B)semi-industrialized nations
C)peripheral nations
D)postindustrial nations

Question 28

Which of the following is a fact that casts doubt on Malthus's predictions about population growth?

A)Technological interference has decreased food production.
B)Technological advances have increased food production.
C)Technological measures have established the limit of population growth.
D)Technological innovations have destroyed food production in many areas.

Question 29

Karl takes his children to Science World every month because they are fascinated by the fun and interactive exhibit of the month.This month they will experience simulations of various natural disasters.What does John Hannigan call this aspect of life in the postmodern city?

A)edutainment
B)experiential instruction
C)consumer culture
D)culturally enabled learning

Question 30

In 2025, which of the following cities is projected to become the world's largest city?

A)Los Angeles, United States
B)Tokyo, Japan
C)Jakarta, Indonesia
D)Sao Paulo, Brazil

Question 31

Maria, Katrina, and Susan all decided to have one child each and formed a "play group" so their children would have socializing opportunities with their peers.Which social issue does the fact that none of these women had more children contribute to?

A)population replacement levels are not met
B)family socialization has less impact
C)single children have socialization challenges
D)women's desire for children removes them from the workplace

Question 32

What term refers to the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime, assuming she has the same number of children as other women in her age cohort?

A)the birth rate
B)the crude birth rate
C)the fertility rate
D)the total fertility rate

Question 33

Kasem is a Marxist who believes that overpopulation is a problem that can be solved.Which of the following does he most likely believe must be solved first?

A)contraception education
B)social inequality
C)inadequate medical care
D)inadequate child care

Question 34

Nathan is an old man who recalls vividly his work on urban life in the 1920s.He and his colleagues carried out many interviews and surveys with city dwellers, and they mapped the social landscape.Which of the following traditions was Nathan likely a part of?

A)social demography
B)the postmodernist school
C)the Chicago school
D)Marxism

Question 35

What did sociologist John Hannigan define as a "money-making machine"?

A)the suburbs
B)the corporate city
C)edge cities
D)the Census Metropolitan Area

Question 36

What was the largest city in Canada in 1901?

A)Winnipeg
B)Toronto
C)Montreal
D)Vancouver

Question 37

During which stage of development do people generally think that it makes sense to have fewer children in order to reduce the economic burden on the family?

A)preindustrial period
B)early industrial period
C)mature industrial period
D)postindustrial period

Question 38

What was the largest city in Canada in 2011?

A)Winnipeg
B)Toronto
C)Montreal
D)Vancouver

Question 39

While some portions of Marxists' analysis of overpopulation appear to be incorrect, one of Marx's core ideas does appear correct.Which of the following Marxist ideas appears correct?

A)The social organization of capitalism is the cause of overpopulation.
B)Social inequality is a root cause of overpopulation.
C)Bourgeoisie domination of workers is the cause of overpopulation.
D)Positive checks on population growth do work in most places.

Question 40

Shannon and her family decide that a move from rural Ireland to Dublin is the best bet for them to find employment.Which of the following factors is most likely to underlie this family's decision to move?

A)Christianity
B)social inequality in their rural environment
C)urban government programs that advocate for social equality
D)industrialization

Question 41

Which of the following strategies did the government in Kerala, India, use to lower the fertility rate?

A)The government helped create a realistic alternative to a life of continuous childbirth.
B)The government initiated forced abortions and sterilizations.
C)The government threatened to disallow women's further participation in the paid labour force.
D)The government created a one-child policy, modelled on China's policy.

Question 42

In 1960, South Korea had a total fertility rate of 6.0.Yet by 1989, South Korea's total fertility rate had dropped to a mere 1.6.What first prompted this dramatic decrease in the total fertility rate?

A)industrialization
B)land reform
C)political reforms
D)gender equality

Question 43

In which stage of development did children become seen as an economic liability?

A)preindustrial period
B)early industrial period
C)mature industrial period
D)postindustrial period

Question 44

Members of Heritage Front, a white supremacist organization, are angry about their perception that that non-white immigrants are taking over large portions of the city they live in.Which process of human ecology theory do their beliefs reflect?

A)differentiation
B)ecological succession
C)concentric zones
D)competition

Question 45

In the postmodern city, many different ethnic groups and subcultures with differing lifestyles are tolerated.According to sociologists, which of the following concepts reflects this reality?

A)privatization
B)gentrification
C)fragmentation
D)globalization

Question 46

Which theory highlights the linkages between urban physical and social components, and identifies the features of urban growth?

A)zonal theory
B)inorganic differentiation theory
C)differential organization theory
D)human ecology theory

Question 47

Like many other middle-class people, Sharon bought a house in great need of repair for very little money in the Four Corners district of Toronto.As soon as she renovated the house and turned it into a bed-and-breakfast, she demanded that local government and the police remove the homeless people who still live in the area.What has Sharon engaged in?

A)bilateral zoning
B)speculation
C)gentrification
D)urban invasion

Question 48

According to Malthus, food supply increases while population increases.In Malthus's view, what is the problem here?

A)Food supply increases arithmetically, and population increases arithmetically.
B)Food supply increases arithmetically, and population increases geometrically.
C)Food supply increases geometrically, and population increases arithmetically.
D)Food supply increases geometrically, and population increases geometrically.

Question 49

Tommy thinks that changes in population are the result of industrialization and the shifts in cultural values that accompany it.Which theory is he most likely to support?

A)Malthusian theory
B)Marxist theory
C)demographic transition theory
D)modernization theory

Question 50

A neighbourhood park in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver has recently been bought by a wealthy real estate developer.According to new urban sociologists, which of the following most likely characterizes the city park?

A)It is politically useful.
B)It is developed.
C)It has become a commodity.
D)It has become gentrified.

Question 51

Which of the following is a critique of the demographic transition theory?

A)It places too much emphasis on industrialization as the main driver of population growth.
B)After industrialization, cultural values change.
C)Contraception in many places is more or less ineffective.
D)Places with high infant mortality rates usually have high birth rates.

Question 52

Rita and her family are thrilled to have bought a house in a clean, quiet neighbourhood.The neighbourhood, which is outside the downtown core, has fairly uniform single family housing, and has a water park and outdoor basketball court for children to play at.What term do sociologists use to describe this way of life?

A)urbanism
B)suburbanism
C)postmodern
D)gentrification

Question 53

Why is the ratio of females to males lower than 1:1 in some places?

A)because of an overall preference for female babies
B)because of an overall preference for male babies
C)because of lower than average fertility rates
D)because of higher than average fertility rates

Question 54

Sophia's community consists of many different immigrant groups, as well as a large population of gays and lesbians.According to Louis Wirth, what is Sophia's experience typical of?

A)urban life
B)suburban life
C)rural life
D)social life

Question 55

By 2030, approximately what proportion of the North American population is predicted to be living in urban areas?

A)25 percent
B)45 percent
C)65 percent
D)85 percent

Question 56

According to economist Amartya Sen, what causes famine?

A)the overproduction of food
B)the underproduction of food
C)unequal access to food
D)the availability of poor-quality food

Question 57

Through the twentieth century it has been demonstrated that helping the poor through various types of welfare programs has had which of the following effects?

A)It has lowered the incidence of rebellion.
B)It has curbed crime rates among the poor.
C)It has lowered the birth rate among the poor.
D)It has increased the amount of food available.

Question 58

Rajesh lives in a nation where the numbers of deaths in the population per year outnumber the number of births.In which stage of development would his nation be classified?

A)preindustrial period
B)transitional period
C)mature industrial period
D)postindustrial period

Question 59

Benny considers himself a Malthusian and agrees with Malthus that there are two undisputable "facts" about people.Which of the following is one of these facts?

A)People must eat.
B)Agricultural yields are increasing.
C)People are biologically driven to live in groups.
D)People will congregate and create a city, if given enough time.

Question 60

Billie-Bob lives in a nation where there are only 98 females for every 100 males.What is this rate comparison known as?

A)the sex ratio
B)life expectancy
C)the age-sex pyramid
D)the doubling effect

Question 61

According to the textbook, what city has been recently identified by the United Nations as among the most multicultural cities in the world?

A)New York
B)Toronto
C)Los Angeles
D)Seoul

Question 62

Which of the following is a critique of Malthus's predictions?

A)The upper limit of population growth is unclear.
B)The sex drive is not as powerful as Malthus believed.
C)Welfare systems have caused population growth.
D)Population growth produces misery.

Question 63

Annalise is a fourth-year university student who has enjoyed learning about the distribution and composition of various populations around the world, and she is considering making the study of populations her career choice.Which of the following subfields of sociology should she go into if she follows her plans?

A)social ecology
B)social studies
C)epidemiology
D)demography

Question 64

Sebastian's restaurant is hosting an Oscar Night party where people who have purchased tickets will have to match the buffet of foods and drinks served to particular films nominated for the Oscar.What does John Hannigan call this aspect of life in the postmodern city?

A)suburban foodie culture
B)eatertainment
C)gastronomical consumption
D)edible entertainment

Question 65

What do we call the movement of people out a country in order to settle somewhere else?

A)targeted exit
B)geographic mobility
C)out-migration
D)transitional migration

Question 66

Members of the Chicago school have defined the city of Chicago as having a particular way of life that was reflected in people's attitudes and behaviours.What term did they use to describe this?

A)urban culture
B)urban beats
C)acculturation
D)urbanism

Question 67

According to the textbook, what characterizes the postmodern city?

A)the urban-growth machine
B)the informal economy
C)gentrification
D)the privatization of public space

Question 68

Given his projections about population, which period in European development did Malthus most likely live in?

A)preindustrial period
B)early industrial period
C)mature industrial period
D)postindustrial period

Question 69

What do we call the movement of people into a country in order to settle there?

A)targeted entrance
B)geographic mobility
C)in-migration
D)transitional migration

Question 70

Around what year do population experts predict that the world population will stabilize at approximately 9.5 billion?

A)2050
B)2100
C)2150
D)2200

Question 71

According to Louis Wirth, what is city life characterized by?

A)retreatism through television and other media viewing
B)heightened cross-cultural involvement
C)emotional isolation
D)increased intensity of social interaction

Question 72

According to sociologists, what is the process of population growth mainly governed by?

A)natural laws
B)evolution
C)genetics
D)social forces

Question 73

Newlyweds Ray and Esmé are spending their wedding night in a theme room at a hotel at the West Edmonton Mall.The following day, while they are looking for things to outfit their new marital home, they are also planning to ride the mall's rollercoaster and use the water park.What does John Hannigan call this aspect of life in the postmodern city?

A)suburbia
B)fantasy entertainment
C)shoppertainment
D)experiential consumerism

Question 74

A metropolitan real-estate magnate has purchased an abandoned warehouse in the city's transitional zone, and is converting it on the street level to a mall with chic boutiques, while making the upper floors into condominiums.Which of the following stages of city evolution applies to this inner-city development?

A)suburban city
B)corporate city
C)peri-urbanized city
D)urban city

Question 75

Benny considers himself a Malthusian and agrees with Malthus that there are two undisputable "facts" about people.Which of the following is one of these facts?

A)People are biologically driven to organize themselves into social groups.
B)Agricultural yields are increasing.
C)People are biologically driven to want sex.
D)There is a finite carrying capacity on how much the earth can handle.

Question 76

Many places in India are characterized by having a large proportion of the population die each year from disease, poor sanitation, and hunger.At which stage of the demographic transition theory are these places?

A)preindustrial period
B)transitional period
C)early industrial period
D)explosive period

Question 77

Which group believes that urban settings are spaces where commodified social relations occur?

A)the Chicago school
B)the new urban sociologists
C)economic geographers
D)urban deconstructionists

Question 78

Marie-France has heard that in order to keep Quebec strong, she needs to do her part by having a certain number of children.How many children, at a minimum, should Marie-France have to keep Quebec viable?

A)1.2
B)1.7
C)1.9
D)2.1

Question 79

Approximately what proportion of the world's nations has fertility levels below replacement level today?

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 80

Over the years, Barbara has watched as older parts of the city are torn down and replaced by modern office towers.Which process of human ecology theory has Barbara been witnessing?

A)differentiation
B)ecological succession
C)concentric zones
D)competition