Chat with AIExam 20: Population and Urbanization
In 1900, what was the world's largest city?
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VerifiedB
Amanda is studying human ecology theory and is interested in the process of urban growth.Which of the following is one way that urban growth is encouraged?
(28) VerifiedC
According to Karl Marx, what creates the problem of overpopulation?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotAccording to Karl Marx, the problem of overpopulation, or what he referred to as the "surplus population," is not a result of an absolute excess of people but rather a symptom of the capitalist economic system and its inherent contradictions. Marx did not see overpopulation as a problem in itself but argued that the perception of overpopulation arises from the conditions of capitalist production.
In a capitalist society, the means of production are owned by a small class of capitalists, while the majority of people are proletarians who must sell their labor power to survive. The capitalist mode of production is driven by the pursuit of profit, which leads to the constant need for capital accumulation and technological innovation. This process often results in increased productivity, which means that fewer workers are needed to produce the same amount of goods.
As technology advances and productivity increases, capitalists may reduce their workforce to cut costs and maintain or increase profit margins. This leads to a situation where there is a "reserve army of labor" – a pool of unemployed and underemployed workers who exceed the current needs of capital. This reserve army exerts downward pressure on wages and can be called upon during times of economic expansion or when the demand for labor temporarily increases.
Marx believed that this reserve army of labor is an essential part of the capitalist system. It is not that there are too many people, but rather that the economic system fails to utilize the full potential of the workforce due to the cyclical nature of capitalist production and the pursuit of profit over social needs. The existence of a surplus population is therefore a result of the economic and social relations under capitalism, not a demographic issue.
In summary, for Marx, the problem of overpopulation is created by the capitalist system's tendency to produce a surplus population through its cycles of accumulation and the uneven development of productive forces, leading to unemployment and underemployment. This is a structural issue within capitalism, not a problem of too many people existing in absolute terms.
What term refers to the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime, assuming she has the same number of children as other women in her age cohort?
(44) Brazil is characterized by more inequality of wealth than any other country in the world.This stark inequality is highly observable in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
(37) By 2030, approximately what proportion of the North American population is predicted to be living in urban areas?
(42) Human ecology holds that three processes stimulate the growth of cities: gentrification, peripheralization, and corporatization.
(40) What trend is tracked by the demographic transition theory, which addresses changing fertility and mortality rates over time?
(32) Gentrification is the process by which portions of the inner city are taken over by working-class or homeless people.
(39) Maria, Katrina, and Susan all decided to have one child each and formed a "play group" so their children would have socializing opportunities with their peers.Which social issue does the fact that none of these women had more children contribute to?
(35) Members of the Chicago school have defined the city of Chicago as having a particular way of life that was reflected in people's attitudes and behaviours.What term did they use to describe this?
(29) Many places in India are characterized by having a large proportion of the population die each year from disease, poor sanitation, and hunger.At which stage of the demographic transition theory are these places?
(33) Janelle's great-great-grandmother Edith moved to the largest city in the world when she married George in 1900.Where did Edith and George locate to?
(30) In Canada, there are approximately 105 females for every 100 males.What do we call this rate comparison?
(32) According to the textbook, which of the following was the concentric zone model most applicable to at the beginning of the twentieth century?
(35) Annalise is a fourth-year university student who has enjoyed learning about the distribution and composition of various populations around the world, and she is considering making the study of populations her career choice.Which of the following subfields of sociology should she go into if she follows her plans?
(36) Rita and her family are thrilled to have bought a house in a clean, quiet neighbourhood.The neighbourhood, which is outside the downtown core, has fairly uniform single family housing, and has a water park and outdoor basketball court for children to play at.What term do sociologists use to describe this way of life?
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