Deck 14: Multiple Choice

Question 1

Eyeblink conditioning involves neural circuits in the:

A) cerebellum.
B) amygdala.
C) orbital frontal cortex.
D) occipital lobe.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Amnesics generally lose the ability to do:

A) explicit and implicit memory tasks.
B) explicit memory tasks.
C) implicit memory tasks.
D) any verbal-content tasks but not motor tasks.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Implicit memory has been demonstrated in:

A) verbal tasks.
B) motor tasks.
C) neither verbal nor motor tasks.
D) both verbal and motor tasks.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Instrumental conditioning circuits are found:

A) in the amygdala.
B) in the cerebellum.
C) throughout the brain.
D) in the frontal cortex.

Question 5

_____ is a change in the ability to recall or recognize previous experience.

A) Learning
B) Memory
C) Reasoning
D) All of the answers are correct

Question 6

In a conditioning experiment,Andrew hears a tone just prior to receiving a puff of air to his eye that causes an eyeblink response.In this experiment,the tone is the _____,the puff of air to the eye is the _____ and the eyeblink is the _____.

A) unconditioned stimulus;conditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus;unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus;conditioned stimulus;conditioned response
D) conditioned response,conditioned stimulus;unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Eyeblink conditioning is an example of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) instrumental conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) fear conditioning.

Question 8

Last year,every time John watched a football game at his friend's house,he drank beer.Now,whenever John watches a football game,he finds himself craving beer.This is an example of:

A) Pavlovian (classical)conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) fear conditioning.
D) the successful use of beer commercials during football games.

Question 9

_____ is a change in an organism's behavior as a result of experience.

A) Learning
B) Memory
C) Cognition
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Ms.Jones is a grade 3 teacher who is having some trouble with children misbehaving and disrupting class.Instead of punishing the students who misbehave,she decides to reward good behavior in class by allowing her students an extra recess each Friday if everyone in the class has been good all week.This is an example of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 11

_____ is probably the most common learning disability.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Autism
C) Dyslexia
D) Dyscalculia

Question 12

A stimulus followed by food,followed by salivation,is a learning paradigm called:

A) Pavlovian conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Brain imaging research has shown that activity in the _____ is reduced in individuals with dyslexia.

A) left temporoparietal cortex
B) left occipital cortex
C) right frontal cortex
D) right temporoparietal cortex

Question 14

Fear conditioning involves neural circuits in the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) frontal lobe.
D) cerebellum.

Question 15

You are in a crowded supermarket with your 4-year-old nephew.When you are in the candy aisle,he asks you for a chocolate bar.You initially refuse,saying that it is not good for him to eat candy.He begins to cry and whine loudly.Embarrassed by all the attention you are attracting,you buy him the chocolate bar to stop him from crying.Now every time you go to the store,your nephew whines until you buy him something.This is an example of:

A) operant conditioning.
B) fear conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 16

Fear conditioning is controlled by the _____,and Pavlovian conditioning is mediated by the _____.

A) hypothalamus;cerebellum
B) brainstem;basal ganglia
C) amygdala;basal ganglia
D) amygdala;cerebellum

Question 17

Pavlovian conditioning is controlled by circuits in the:

A) frontal cortex.
B) thalamus.
C) brainstem.
D) cerebellum.

Question 18

One day Melissa was trapped alone in an elevator for almost 3 hours when the power went out.Now,whenever she gets near an elevator,she freezes up and starts gasping for air as if she cannot breathe.This is an example of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) fear conditioning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?

A) You have not been on a bicycle for almost 10 years,but you can still ride one.
B) You have learned to associate a tone with a puff of air to your eye that causes an eye blink.
C) You figured out a word in your crossword puzzle more quickly because you overheard someone say the word this morning at work,even though you do not remember actually hearing it.
D) You remember the day that your coach taught you how to properly catch a baseball.

Question 20

Pressing a bar to obtain food is an example of:

A) respondent conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) instrumental conditioning.
D) amygdala conditioning.

Question 21

A patient named Boswell was described in your text as having severe amnesia-for events both prior to and after his illness-while maintaining implicit memory.His brain damage included the:

A) medial temporal cortex.
B) basal ganglia.
C) sensory cortex.
D) motor cortex.

Question 22

The _____ is the final stop in a major pathway leading from the cortex to the hippocampus.

A) perirhinal cortex
B) parahippocampal cortex
C) entorhinal cortex
D) orbitofrontal cortex

Question 23

Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H.M.'s surgery?

A) implicit memory
B) verbal memory
C) explicit memory
D) visuospatial memory

Question 24

The Gollin Figure Test and the Pursuit Rotor Task are used to assess:

A) episodic memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 25

A patient who sustained a brain injury in a mountain biking accident has a peculiar memory deficit.He has normal working memory and good long-term memory.However,he is completely unable to remember any personal events in his life,such as his college graduation or his birthday party from less than a week ago.You suspect that he may have damage to his:

A) temporal lobes.
B) cerebellum.
C) frontal lobes.
D) parietal lobes.

Question 26

The three cortical regions,in addition to the hippocampus and amygdala,that take part in explicit memory are the:

A) entorhinal,parahippocampal,and occipital cortices.
B) entorhinal,perirhinal,and parahippocampal cortices.
C) frontal,perirhinal,and entorhinal cortices.
D) parietal,perirhinal,and parahippocampal cortices.

Question 27

Explicit memory is to implicit memory as:

A) skill is to fact.
B) conscious is to unconscious.
C) semantic is to episodic.
D) reference is to working.

Question 28

The temporal lobes are critical for _____ memory,and the frontal lobes are important for _____ memory.

A) short-term;long-term
B) verbal;visual
C) long-term;short-term
D) implicit;explicit

Question 29

Psychogenic amnesias are thought to be linked to decreased activity in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) temporal lobes.
C) frontal lobes.
D) parietal lobes.

Question 30

In your text,the patient K.C.is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury in a motorcycle accident.Among his deficits was the fact that:

A) he could not play chess.
B) his short-term memory was impaired.
C) he could no longer remember his birthday.
D) he could not recall any personally experienced events.

Question 31

Karl Lashley is remembered for his discovery:

A) of operant conditioning.
B) of the localized nature of memory.
C) that memory loss was a function of the size of a lesion on the brain,not the location.
D) that the temporal lobes are the location of memory.

Question 32

Martin and colleagues showed subjects black-and-white line drawings of objects and asked them to generate words denoting either the colors or the actions of the objects.While subjects were doing the task,positron emission tomography (PET)scans were recorded.The researchers found activation in the _____ lobes when recalling the colors of the objects and activation in the _____ lobes when recalling the actions associated with the objects:

A) temporal;occipital
B) frontal;temporal
C) temporal;parietal and frontal
D) temporal and frontal;parietal

Question 33

The patient J.K.had Parkinson disease.He showed a deficit in:

A) verbal memory.
B) visuospatial memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 34

Which of the following structures play an important role in short-term,or temporary,memory?

A) temporal lobes
B) frontal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes

Question 35

Patient Boswell's amnesia,unlike H.M.'s,also affected:

A) implicit memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) memory for previously learned information.

Question 36

H.M. ,the memory patient described in your text,underwent:

A) bilateral removal of the frontal lobes.
B) bilateral removal of the temporal lobes.
C) removal of the left temporal lobe.
D) removal of the left frontal lobe.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of explicit learning?

A) Pavlov's classical conditioning
B) Thorndike's instrumental learning
C) Skinner's operant learning
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

Research in individuals with highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)has revealed that they are _____ to false memories.

A) relatively unsusceptible
B) relatively susceptible
C) as susceptible as most
D) immune

Question 39

Which of the following terms is used instead of explicit memory?

A) skill
B) declarative memory
C) reference memory
D) habit memory

Question 40

Explicit memory relies mainly on _____ processes,and implicit memory relies mainly on _____ processes.

A) bottom-up;top-down
B) automatic;voluntary
C) top-down;bottom-up
D) reflexive;cognitive

Question 41

Alzheimer disease:

A) can be positively diagnosed only at autopsy.
B) is characterized by cortical plaques.
C) is associated with a loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

In monkeys,cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire during a:

A) delayed-alternation task.
B) delayed matching-to-sample task.
C) delayed-response task.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 43

Which of the following types of cells are NOT found in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex?

A) grid cells
B) place cells
C) head direction cells
D) orientation cells

Question 44

Which of the following areas is most likely involved in visuospatial memory?

A) basal ganglia
B) parahippocampal region
C) perirhinal region
D) limbic region

Question 45

In recent studies,the hippocampus has been implicated in:

A) memory for faces.
B) visual object memory.
C) memory for places.
D) verbal memory.

Question 46

People with mild cognitive impairment are more likely to end up developing:

A) Alzheimer disease.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) Parkinson disease.
D) herpes encephalitis.

Question 47

A monkey is trained to remember the position of a light after it goes out.The activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex will:

A) increase if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
B) decrease if the monkey correctly remembers the position of the target.
C) decrease if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
D) not fire differentially to correct or incorrect responses.

Question 48

If a monkey has to remember the position of a light for a delay period after the light goes out,neurons in the _____ fire to help the monkey retain a memory trace.

A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) inferior temporal cortex
D) occipital cortex

Question 49

Monkeys with perirhinal lesions are impaired at _____,and monkeys with hippocampal lesions are impaired at _____.

A) object position tasks;visual recognition tasks
B) visual recognition tasks;object position tasks
C) spatial learning;verbal learning
D) visual recognition;episodic memory

Question 50

_____ cells,in the _____,fire when an animal is in a specific location.

A) Grid cells;hippocampus
B) Head direction cells;entorhinal cortex
C) Place cells;hippocampus
D) Place cells;parahippocampal cortex

Question 51

Recent research has suggested that Alzheimer disease may be due to:

A) genetic defects.
B) poor diet.
C) a series of microbleeds in the brain.
D) exposure to carbon monoxide.

Question 52

Which of the following areas is most likely to play a role in visual object memory?

A) parahippocampal region
B) limbic lobe
C) perirhinal region
D) basal ganglia

Question 53

Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are often found in patients with:

A) herpes encephalitis.
B) Huntington disease.
C) Parkinson disease.
D) Alzheimer disease.

Question 54

Shown a series of photographs in a specific order,patients with _____ damage would not be able to remember the photographs or their order,and patients with _____ damage would remember the photographs but not their order.

A) frontal lobe;medial temporal lobe
B) medial temporal lobe;parietal lobe
C) medial temporal lobe;frontal lobe
D) frontal lobe;parietal lobe

Question 55

Which of the following areas first shows cell death in Alzheimer disease?

A) hippocampus
B) entorhinal cortex
C) perirhinal cortex
D) parahippocampal cortex

Question 56

The _____ receives input from the ventral visual stream and plays a role in object memory.

A) hippocampus
B) entorhinal cortex
C) perirhinal cortex
D) parahippocampal cortex

Question 57

The frontal lobe appears to participate in:

A) spatial memory.
B) memory for faces.
C) verbal memory.
D) memory for the temporal order of events.

Question 58

_____ cells ,in the _____,fire in many locations in the environment,helping to establish a spatial coordinate system.

A) Grid cells;entorhinal cortex
B) Head direction cells;entorhinal cortex
C) Grid cells;hippocampus
D) Place cells;parahippocampal cortex

Question 59

Sherry and colleagues have found that given the size of the bird,the hippocampal formation of birds that cache food for the winter is _____ one would expect.

A) more than twice as large as
B) about the size
C) more than 10 times as large as
D) smaller than

Question 60

Maguire and colleagues found that London taxi drivers _____ than controls.

A) had larger frontal lobes
B) had a larger anterior hippocampus
C) had a larger posterior hippocampus
D) had a larger parietal cortex

Question 61

Long-term potentiation (LTP)involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation resulting in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.

A) high-frequency;long-lasting increase
B) low-frequency;long-lasting decrease
C) high-frequency;short-term decrease
D) high-frequency;long-lasting decrease

Question 62

Changes in dendritic morphology:

A) occur spontaneously over days or weeks.
B) indirectly represent new connections between widely separated brain regions.
C) imply the addition or subtraction of synapses.
D) imply new circuitry.

Question 63

According to Mishkin and colleagues,which patient group would most likely have the worst implicit memory performance?

A) patients with Parkinson disease
B) patients with damage to the hippocampus
C) patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex
D) patients with Alzheimer disease

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT part of the neural circuit for emotional memories?

A) amygdala
B) basal ganglia
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum

Question 65

For a postsynaptic NMDA receptor to be activated:

A) glutamate must bind to it.
B) the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
C) glutamate must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
D) acetylcholine must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.

Question 66

Your friend Devin,who is left-handed,has played the electric guitar for almost 20 years.If you conducted an MRI scan of Devin's brain,you would expect to see an increase in the size of his:

A) hand region in motor cortex in the left hemisphere.
B) basal ganglia in the left hemisphere.
C) hand region in motor cortex in the right hemisphere.
D) cerebellum in the right hemisphere.

Question 67

For a postsynaptic AMPA receptor to be activated:

A) glutamate must bind to it.
B) the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
C) glutamate must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
D) acetylcholine must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.

Question 68

The notion that memory storage might involve changes in the structure of synapses was first put forward by:

A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B) Camillo Golgi.
C) Donald Hebb.
D) Wilder Penfield.

Question 69

Woollett and Maguire conducted MRI scans on people before and after the subjects underwent training to become a London taxi driver.The results of the study demonstrated that:

A) prior to training,those who later became taxi drivers had larger hippocampi.
B) there was no correlation between succeeding or failing to become a taxi driver and the size of the hippocampus.
C) those who became taxi drivers showed an increase in hippocampal volume from pretest to posttest.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 70

If you want to increase children's ability to learn later in life,a good option would be to:

A) get them involved in sports.
B) teach them to play a musical instrument.
C) encourage them to read often.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 71

Research suggests that LTP increases synaptic effectiveness by:

A) increasing the size of axons.
B) increasing the firing rate of presynaptic neurons.
C) increasing the number of synapses on postsynaptic dendrites.
D) decreasing the amount of glutamate released by presynaptic neurons.

Question 72

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)experiments have shown that new neurons have been generated in the adult mammalian brain.These neurons migrate to the:

A) frontal lobes.
B) olfactory bulbs.
C) hippocampus.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

Early research with patient H.M.demonstrated that the hippocampus:

A) was the storage site for all long-term memories.
B) was the storage site for all short-term memories.
C) played a critical role in memory consolidation.
D) played no important role in memory.

Question 74

Long-term depression (LTD)involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation resulting in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.

A) high-frequency;long-lasting increase
B) low-frequency;long-lasting decrease
C) high-frequency;short-term decrease
D) high-frequency;long-lasting decrease

Question 75

Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?

A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 76

Mishkin and his colleagues have hypothesized that the _____ is (are)central to implicit memory.

A) hippocampus
B) basal ganglia
C) frontal lobes
D) medial temporal cortex

Question 77

During LTP,_____ enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that leads to an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.

A) Ca²⁺
B) Na⁺
C) Cl^-
D) K⁺

Question 78

The phenomenon of phantom limb after amputation can most easily be explained by:

A) encroachment of the denervated cortex area by some other part of the body.Thus when that part of the body is stimulated,the brain is tricked into thinking that the limb still exists.
B) stimulation of the nerve endings of the stump.
C) collateral stimulation of the thalamus.
D) degeneration of the cortical area representing the lost limb.

Question 79

Xenon gas has been shown to _____ in rats.

A) increase spatial learning
B) decrease implicit memory
C) reduce reconsolidation
D) improve spatial memory

Question 80

Which nucleus of the amygdala is critical for forming emotional memories?

A) the central nucleus
B) the lateral nucleus
C) the basolateral nucleus
D) the dorsal nucleus