Deck 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

Question 1

The neutral stimulus becomes a(n)_______________ in classical conditioning.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Answer 1

conditioned stimulus

Question 2

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n):

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Answer 2

unconditioned response.

Question 3

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Answer 3

conditioned response.

Question 4

At first,Pavlov treated the dog's drooling as:

A)a sign of illness in his research animals.
B)an important phenomenon in understanding learning.
C)a breakthrough in understanding digestion.
D)an annoying secretion.

Question 5

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called:

A)instinctive drift.
B)conditioning.
C)absolute threshold.
D)metacognition.

Question 6

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as she starts opening a can of cat food with an electric can opener.In this example,the ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Miranda puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 7

According to Pavlov,learning occurs when:

A)a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
B)a response is followed by reinforcement.
C)something negative is removed after a particular response.
D)reinforcers are given for successive approximations of the desired response.

Question 8

Which of the following would NOT result in classical conditioning?

A)A triangle drawn on a large card is associated with food.
B)Food is presented just after a pinprick to the skin.
C)An electric shock is followed by food in less than one second.
D)A lever happens to be pressed down and food is delivered.

Question 9

When Danny feeds his fish,he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light.In this example,the ________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Danny near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 10

Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

A)Behaviorism
B)Cognitive
C)Social-learning
D)Social-cognitive

Question 11

The Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov was studying:

A)salivation in dogs.
B)heart valves in pigs.
C)heart rhythms in horses.
D)brain waves in humans.

Question 12

When Pavlov realized that his dogs were salivating to things other than food,he called the phenomenon:

A)a conditioned response.
B)a conditional response.
C)a conditioned reflex.
D)a conditional reflex.

Question 13

Pavlov called the phenomenon that he had stumbled upon a "_______________," but an error in the translation of his writings was made.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditional reflex
C)continuous reinforcer
D)primary reinforcer

Question 14

Before studying conditioning,Ivan Pavlov studied:

A)cardiac physiology.
B)canine anatomy.
C)digestive processes.
D)the endocrine system.

Question 15

According to the behaviorists:

A)psychological research needs to emphasize the unconscious underpinnings of behavior.
B)the predominant area of research should be free will and the mind.
C)researchers should focus on the interaction between nature and nurture.
D)observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.

Question 16

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov,what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A)Food
B)Thoughts of anticipation
C)Salivation
D)The sight and smell of food

Question 17

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called:

A)instinctive drift.
B)free will.
C)learning.
D)determinism.

Question 18

A behaviorist would agree that:

A)latent learning occurs without any direct reinforcement.
B)operant conditioning uses consequences that the organism thinks are annoying or satisfying.
C)omitting mental processes from learning is like omitting passion from descriptions of sex.
D)observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.

Question 19

When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The footsteps acted as a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 20

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects and they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 21

An analysis of the principles of classical conditioning reveals that:

A)classical conditioning occurs in mammals,but not in lower species.
B)classically conditioned responses last for about two years.
C)completely eliminating a conditioned response usually requires more than one session.
D)the mere pairing of an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus is enough to produce learning.

Question 22

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 23

The proverb "He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope" illustrates _______________.

A)an intrinsic reinforcer
B)higher-order conditioning
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus generalization

Question 24

In classical conditioning,when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus,_______________ occurs.

A)instinctive drift
B)extinction
C)counterconditioning
D)discrimination

Question 25

Iris learns a positive response to the word Thanksgiving because of its association with lots of good food and visits from favorite relatives.This would be an example of:

A)extinction.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)continuous reinforcement.

Question 26

You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano,but you find that he also salivates when middle C is played on the guitar.You make a point of playing C on the guitar and not giving Milo any food afterward,whereas you do sometimes give him food after you play C on the piano.After a few days,Milo stops salivating when C is played on the guitar but continues to salivate when it is played on the piano.This phenomenon is known as:

A)extinction.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)instinctive drift.

Question 27

Arthur switches on an aquarium light just before feeding his fish,and the fish always swim to the top as soon as it comes on.Curious,he decides to go a week without turning on the light at feeding time,and then see if the fish still respond to the light by swimming to the top.Arthur is trying to see if _______________ will occur.

A)instinctive drift
B)extinction
C)counterconditioning
D)discrimination

Question 28

Higher-order conditioning involves using an already established _______________ to establish a new conditioned stimulus.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 29

Contemporary psychologists have suggested that what an animal or person actually learns in classical conditioning is:

A)an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
B)a temporal association between one stimulus and another.
C)successive approximations of the desired conditioned response.
D)information conveyed by one stimulus about another.

Question 30

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 31

Casey learns a positive response to the word birthday because of its association with gifts and attention.This would be an example of:

A)an intrinsic reinforcer.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 32

For classical conditioning to be most effective,the stimulus to be conditioned should:

A)precede the unconditioned stimulus.
B)occur simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus.
C)follow the unconditioned stimulus.
D)be of greater intensity than the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 33

You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)Counterconditioning
B)Instinctive drift
C)Spontaneous recovery
D)Stimulus discrimination

Question 34

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called:

A)counterconditioning.
B)instinctive drift.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 35

When words are paired with objects or other words that already elicit some emotional response,they may come to elicit that response.This would be an example of:

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)an intrinsic reinforcer.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 36

_______________ is the classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response.

A)Unconditioned stimulus
B)Unconditioned response
C)Conditioned stimulus
D)Conditioned response

Question 37

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response is called:

A)extinction.
B)counterconditioning.
C)discrimination.
D)instinctive drift.

Question 38

_______________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

A)Higher-order conditioning
B)Intermittent reinforcement
C)Stimulus discrimination
D)Spontaneous recovery

Question 39

What actually is learned in classical conditioning is:

A)an association between two stimuli.
B)an association between two responses.
C)an association between a stimulus and a response.
D)information conveyed by one stimulus about another.

Question 40

Higher-order conditioning may contribute to the formation of:

A)prejudice.
B)social values.
C)conditioned stimuli.
D)generalizations.

Question 41

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of a rat,Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.They were studying whether or not _______________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 42

Aiden is afraid of the bath and so his father puts two inches of water in the tub and gives Aiden a popsicle to eat while Daddy washes Aiden's back.This is an example of:

A)latent learning.
B)counterconditioning.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 43

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he was sitting.Albert's reaction of fear,when he heard the noise,served as the _______________ in their study.

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned response
C)latent response
D)counterconditioned response

Question 44

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but hears the thunder after her jump! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.

A)thunder; lightning
B)jumping; lightning
C)lightning; thunder
D)thunder; jumping

Question 45

Robert Rescorla said that a conditioned stimulus must reliably _______________ an unconditioned stimulus.

A)precede
B)follow
C)predict
D)cause

Question 46

Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)chemotherapy.
B)nausea.
C)the place where therapy takes place.
D)the sound of the nurse's voice.

Question 47

According to John B.Watson,the founder of American behaviorism,you learn to love someone else:

A)when you feel close to the other person and needed by him or her.
B)through the instant chemistry and attraction that flows back and forth.
C)by pairing stroking and cuddling with the person doing the stroking and cuddling.
D)by associating the person with concepts of trust,loyalty,and companionship.

Question 48

After a child learns to fear spiders,he also responds with fear to ants and beetles.This is an example of:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)counterconditioning.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 49

When a 3-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits,his fear was eliminated through:

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)counterconditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 50

Most psychologists think Watson was wrong in his views about love because

A)love is a great deal simpler than he thought.
B)love is a great deal more complicated than he thought.
C)love cannot be explained by behaviorism.
D)classical conditioning cannot explain emotions.

Question 51

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with béarnaise sauce,Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred,and _______________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

A)the type of china used by the restaurant
B)the presence of Martin's wife
C)the soft light from candles
D)béarnaise sauce

Question 52

John B.Watson believed that classical conditioning could affect:

A)our emotional responses.
B)our environment.
C)animal,but not human,behavior.
D)only physiological responses like salivation.

Question 53

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.This noise served as the _______________ in their study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 54

The founder of American behaviorism was:

A)John B.Watson.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Ivan Pavlov.
D)B.F.Skinner.

Question 55

John Watson and his colleague,Rosalie Rayner,showed Little Albert a live white rat.Albert:

A)began to whimper and tremble.
B)liked the rat and seemed delighted.
C)tried to crawl away and escape.
D)didn't react to the rat,one way or another.

Question 56

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________.

A)little white bag
B)allowance money
C)puckering and saliva
D)sour lemon gummy candy

Question 57

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the conditioned stimulus is:

A)chemotherapy.
B)nausea.
C)the place where therapy takes place.
D)avoidance by canceling the appointment.

Question 58

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste,they found that:

A)slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots and then,through higher-order conditioning pairing carrot smells and potato smells,slugs began to avoid the smell of potatoes.
B)slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots,which they normally like,but attempts at higher-order conditioning failed.
C)after the smell of carrots was paired with the bitter-tasting drug,the slugs began to avoid the place where the association had been formed and would not eat any food in that context.
D)despite numerous procedures and many attempts,it was not possible to classically condition any responses in slugs.

Question 59

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias.This variation is called:

A)secondary punishers.
B)intermittent reinforcement.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)latent learning.

Question 60

Peter was a 3-year-old who was deathly afraid of rabbits.In classical conditioning terms,rabbits had become a/an:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)negative reinforcer.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)primary punisher.

Question 61

You clean your room so your mother will stop nagging you.Your mother used _______________ to get you to clean your room.

A)primary reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)negative reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 62

The process by which a stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows is called:

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)determinism.

Question 63

A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research would be that:

A)they are not as effective as secondary reinforcers in conditioning procedures.
B)using primary punishers or taking away a primary reinforcer would not be ethical.
C)the experimenter must first make sure that the stimulus has acquired reinforcing properties.
D)they are more likely than other punishers and reinforcers to lead to superstitious behaviors.

Question 64

Food and water would be examples of:

A)latent reinforcers.
B)higher-order reinforcers.
C)secondary reinforcers.
D)primary reinforcers.

Question 65

Which of the following secondary reinforcers has considerable power over people's behavior?

A)money
B)sex
C)shelter
D)food

Question 66

Kelsey's dad uses a primary reinforcer to strengthen the response she just made.The reinforcing stimulus would be:

A)lightly stroking the hair on the top of her head.
B)applauding her appropriate behavior.
C)offering praise for a job well done.
D)playing a game of Candyland® with her.

Question 67

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A)Food
B)Applause
C)A comfortable air temperature
D)Light stroking of the hair

Question 68

Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table.Every time that Axel begs,Kyla says,"No," in a sharp,scolding voice and she never gives in.Kyla is using:

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)a secondary punisher.

Question 69

Brett's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is clean.His mom is using _______________ to strengthen the response.

A)latent learning
B)classical conditioning
C)secondary reinforcers
D)an unconditioned stimulus

Question 70

Research on reinforcers shows that:

A)a primary reinforcer may be ineffective if the person is not in a deprived state.
B)secondary reinforcers are less effective than primary reinforcers in controlling behavior.
C)money is a powerful primary reinforcer.
D)a comfortable air temperature would be an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Question 71

_____________ reinforcement occurs when you escape from something unpleasant.

A)Positive
B)Negative
C)Neutral
D)Compound

Question 72

In classical conditioning,the responses involved tend to be _______________,but in operant conditioning they are _______________.

A)complex and not reflexive; reflexive
B)emitted; automatic
C)reflexive; complex and not reflexive
D)secondary reinforcers; primary reinforcers

Question 73

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

A)Money
B)Praise
C)Gold stars
D)Food

Question 74

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:

A)reinforcers are primary and punishers are secondary.
B)punishers are primary and reinforcers are secondary.
C)reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior.
D)reinforcers and punishers are negative.

Question 75

Which of the following statements would be rejected by a strict behaviorist?

A)The sooner a reinforcer follows a response,the greater its effect on the response.
B)In studying the consequences of behavior,the words reinforcer and reward are synonyms.
C)Primary reinforcers and punishers can be very powerful,but they also have drawbacks.
D)No matter how pleasurable a stimulus is,unless it increases responses,it is not a reinforcer.

Question 76

Operant conditioning is most closely associated with:

A)John Watson.
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)John Garcia.

Question 77

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

A)behaviors are controlled by their consequences.
B)behavior must have an effect on the environment to be learned.
C)for operant conditioning to occur,a conditioned stimulus must precede an unconditioned stimulus.
D)behaviors are controlled by internal causes.

Question 78

The acquisition of a conditioning of fear appears to involve a receptor in the:

A)frontal lobe.
B)hypothalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)olfactory gland.

Question 79

In the late 1800s,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger.One case involved a 3-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum.What did her tantrum illustrate in regard to learning?

A)That she had been reinforced for having tantrums in the past.
B)That she had been classically conditioned to associate crying with anger.
C)That she had been punished for having tantrums in the past.
D)That she had experienced higher-order conditioning of her anger responses.

Question 80

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called:

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)latent learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)reinforcement.