Deck 4: Section 2: Learning

Question 1

According to classical conditioning, an increase in heart rate whenever you hear scary music would be labeled a(n) _____.

A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

conditioned response

Question 2

Behavioral psychologists are to _____ as cognitive psychologists are to _____.

A) associating events; encoding events
B) encoding events; associating events
C) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
D) classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Answer 2

associating events; encoding events

Question 3

_____ is (are) often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Both operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

In _____ conditioning, a _____ stimulus elicits an automatic response.

A) classical; reflexive
B) operant; reflexive
C) classical; non-reflexive
D) operant; non-reflexive

Question 5

In Pavlov's experiment, UCR (unconditioned response) is to salivation as UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is to _____.

A) shock
B) meat powder
C) tone
D) footsteps of assistants

Question 6

In Pavlov's experiment, CS (conditioned stimulus) is to CR (conditioned response) as _____ is to _____.

A) food; salivation
B) salivation; food
C) tone; salivation
D) salivation; tone

Question 7

Sam is trying to condition his dog to salivate to a bell. He rings the bell and immediately after, while the bell is still ringing, he places food in the dog's mouth. Sam is using _____ conditioning.

A) trace
B) delayed
C) backward
D) simultaneous

Question 8

In Pavlov's research, food is an example of a(n) _____ stimulus that is presented _____ the tone, whereas salivation would be labeled the _____.

A) conditioned; after; conditioned response
B) conditioned; before; conditioned response
C) unconditioned; after; unconditioned response
D) unconditioned; before; unconditioned response

Question 9

Classical conditioning refers to learning associations between which of the following?

A) behavior and its environmental consequences
B) events in the environment
C) behavior and events in the environment
D) events in the environment and their consequences

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned response?

A) shivering on a cold day
B) pulling your hand away from a hot flame
C) blinking your eye when a puff of air is blown into it
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 11

Tony is watching TV and sees a commercial in which Michael Jordan, whom he likes very much, is promoting athletic shoes. Tony decides he likes the athletic shoes after watching this commercial. In this example, Michael Jordan is the _____ and the athletic shoes are the _____

A) CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
B) UCS (unconditioned stimulus); CS (conditioned stimulus)
C) UCS (unconditioned stimulus); UCR (unconditioned response)
D) CS (conditioned stimulus); CR (conditioned response)

Question 12

Susan's cats begin to salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. When Susan first began shaking the box, the noise from the box would have been considered a(n) _____ stimulus. After conditioning had occurred, the noise from the box would be considered a(n) _____ stimulus.

A) neutral; conditioned
B) conditioned; neutral
C) unconditioned; conditioned
D) conditioned; unconditioned

Question 13

Susan's cats salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the treats serve as the _____.

A) UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
B) UCR (unconditioned response)
C) CS (conditioned stimulus)
D) CR (conditioned response)

Question 14

Pavlov developed procedures for _____ conditioning to study the _____ reflex.

A) operant; eye blink
B) operant; salivary
C) classical; eye blink
D) classical; salivary

Question 15

In most cases, to optimally achieve classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) must be presented _____ second(s) before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

A) 1/2 to 1
B) 2 to 3
C) about 5
D) between 5 and 10

Question 16

Joan has conditioned her cats to salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the noise from shaking the box of treats serves as the _____.

A) UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
B) UCR (unconditioned response)
C) CS (conditioned stimulus)
D) CR (conditioned response)

Question 17

Which of the following would be considered a "reflex" according to classical conditioning?

A) jumping in response to the "pop" of a firecracker
B) going to the kitchen when you are hungry
C) listening to music when you feel sad
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following would MOST likely be considered a reflexive stimulus for an increase in heart rate?

A) hunger pangs
B) food in the mouth
C) a clap of thunder
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 19

Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying _____.

A) response patterns among dogs to different tones
B) digestive processes in dogs
C) digestive processes and responses to tones in dogs
D) digestive processes and the impact of delayed food presentation

Question 20

In _____ conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) continues until after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented. In _____ conditioning, there is a short period of time between the offset of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and onset of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

A) delayed; trace
B) trace; delayed
C) classical; operant
D) operant; classical

Question 21

In Watson's study, the white rat was the _____ and the loud noise was the _____.

A) UCS (unconditioned stimulus); UCR (unconditioned response)
B) UCS (unconditioned stimulus); CS (conditioned stimulus)
C) CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
D) CS (conditioned stimulus); CR (conditioned response)

Question 22

Trace conditioning is to the _____ as delayed conditioning is to the _____.

A) hippocampus and cerebellum; cerebellum
B) cerebellum; hippocampus and cerebellum
C) hippocampus; cerebellum
D) cerebellum; hippocampus

Question 23

The partial recovery of a previously extinguished CR (conditioned response) is to _____ as the disappearance of a CR (conditioned response) is to _____.

A) acquisition; extinction
B) extinction; generalization
C) spontaneous recovery; extinction
D) spontaneous recovery; generalization

Question 24

The strength of the CR (conditioned response) _____ during acquisition and _____ during spontaneous recovery.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 25

In simultaneous conditioning, the _____.

A) conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are presented together
B) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) remains on until after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
C) conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented
D) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes but is removed before the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented

Question 26

In trace conditioning the _____.

A) conditioned stimulus (CS) continues until after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented
B) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) continues until after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
C) conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented
D) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes but is removed before the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented

Question 27

When the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) no longer follows the CS (conditioned stimulus), it is likely that the _____ will disappear through the process of _____.

A) UCR (unconditioned response); generalization
B) CR (conditioned response); extinction
C) UCR (unconditioned response); spontaneous recovery
D) CR (conditioned response); discrimination

Question 28

In the Little Albert study, the loud noise was the _____.

A) conditioned stimulus (CS)
B) unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C) conditioned response (CR)
D) unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 29

For several months after having an upset stomach on a bumpy airplane ride, Jacqueline experienced a feeling of nausea at the sight of an airplane. However, a year later, she could fly again without distress. Jacqueline's ability to fly again comfortably suggests that her conditioning had undergone which of the following?

A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 30

In the Little Albert study, fear of the white rat is to _____ as fear of the loud noise is to _____.

A) CR (conditioned response); CS (conditioned stimulus)
B) UCR (unconditioned response); CR (conditioned response)
C) CS (conditioned stimulus); UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
D) CR (conditioned response); UCR (unconditioned response)

Question 31

Extinction is the disappearance of the _____.

A) unconditioned response (UCR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer precedes the unconditioned response (UCR)
B) conditioned response (CR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS)
C) unconditioned response (UCR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer follows the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
D) conditioned response (CR) when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 32

When the CR (conditioned response) is elicited to the CS (conditioned stimulus), _____ has taken place.

A) generalization
B) extinction
C) acquisition
D) reinforcement

Question 33

Sharon extinguished her dog's response of salivating every time the electric can opener was used. However, she noticed that after the can opener had not been used for several days, the dog salivated at the sound of the can opener. This situation represents the phenomenon of _____.

A) extinction
B) generalization
C) acquisition
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 34

Suppose a TV commercial features a famous, well-liked singer who endorses Eggo waffles as part of a healthy breakfast. After seeing the commercial, Olivia has a positive feeling about Eggo waffles because she associates them with the famous singer. In this example, the effect of the commercial BEST illustrates _____ conditioning, and the famous singer is an example of _____.

A) classical; CS (conditioned stimulus)
B) classical; UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
C) operant; CS (conditioned stimulus)
D) operant; UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 35

If Pavlov presented the tone, waited a few moments, and then presented the meat powder, he would have been using _____.

A) simultaneous conditioning
B) trace conditioning
C) backward conditioning
D) delayed conditioning

Question 36

Backward conditioning typically does NOT produce conditioning because the _____.

A) conditioned stimulus (CS) remains on until after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented
B) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) remains on until after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
C) conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented
D) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes but is removed before the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented

Question 37

Mary Cover Jones is known for which of the following?

A) conditioning a fear avoidance response in Little Albert
B) deconditioning a fear of rabbits in a 3-year-old boy
C) demonstrating spontaneous recovery of a conditioned eye blink response
D) illustrating stimulus generalization in dogs

Question 38

Suppose a magazine advertisement features an attractive, well-liked actress who endorses a Ford Escort as a stylish car. After seeing the advertisement, Elliott has a positive feeling about Ford Escort because he associates it with the attractive actress. In this example, the effect of the commercial BEST illustrates _____ conditioning, and the Ford Escort is an example of _____.

A) classical; CS (conditioned stimulus)
B) classical; UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
C) operant; CS (conditioned stimulus)
D) operant; UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 39

As a child, Steven associated the smell of brownies with his grandmother, but when he got older this no longer happened. However, one day Steven went into a bakery, smelled fresh-baked brownies, and immediately thought of his grandmother. In terms of classical conditioning, Steven's thinking about his grandmother in the bakery illustrates which of the following?

A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 40

In delayed conditioning, the _____.

A) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) only precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS)
B) conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes and co-occurs with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes and co-occurs with the conditioned stimulus (CS)
D) conditioned stimulus (CS) only precedes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 41

Caroline became extremely nauseous on a recent airplane trip because significant air turbulence produced a very bumpy ride. Caroline was surprised to feel nauseous when she saw a picture of an airplane in a magazine. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Caroline is likely experiencing which of the following?

A) acquisition
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) extinction

Question 42

Suppose 3-year-old Brett throws a temper tantrum at the checkout counter because he wants some candy. To keep Brett quiet, his mother buys him a candy bar. In this example, the candy bar is an example of _____ that, according to operant conditioning principles, will _____ the probability of Brett's throwing another temper tantrum.

A) a punisher; decrease
B) a punisher; increase
C) a reinforcer; decrease
D) a reinforcer; increase

Question 43

Which is (are) TRUE of operant conditioning?

A) Operant conditioning involves learning about associations between stimuli in our environment.
B) For operant conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus (CS) must precede the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
C) Operant conditioning is concerned with how behavior operates on the environment by bringing about certain consequences.
D) All of the answers are true of operant conditioning.

Question 44

Generalization leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli, and discrimination leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli.

A) narrower; narrower
B) narrower; broader
C) broader; narrower
D) broader; broader

Question 45

To study learning, I worked with cats in puzzle boxes, leading to the development of my law of effect. Who am I?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Edwin Twitmyer

Question 46

Jeff's cat is classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of the electric can opener. One day while Jeff is doing some repairs in the kitchen, he notices that his cat salivates every time he uses his electric drill, which sounds similar to the can opener. In this situation, the cat is displaying _____.

A) discrimination
B) spontaneous recovery
C) extinction
D) generalization

Question 47

Whenever Angela wants her boyfriend's attention, she starts an argument with him. He angrily responds with a negative comment about Angela's behavior. In this example, the negative comment is an example of _____ that, according to operant conditioning principles, will _____ the probability of Angela's starting another argument.

A) reinforcement; decrease
B) reinforcement; increase
C) punishment; decrease
D) punishment; increase

Question 48

Which statement about classical conditioning is FALSE?

A) Generalization precedes acquisition.
B) Generalization follows acquisition.
C) Extinction precedes spontaneous recovery.
D) Extinction follows acquisition.

Question 49

Which term does NOT belong with the others?

A) Thorndike
B) puzzle box
C) law of effect
D) classical conditioning

Question 50

According to Thorndike's law of effect, _____.

A) the extent of learning is a function of the degree of association between associated stimuli
B) any behavior preceded by negative stimuli is likely to not be repeated
C) any behavior that results in negative consequences is likely to not be repeated
D) learning only occurs when a given behavior produces a positive consequence

Question 51

In the supermarket checkout line, if John is crying, his mother gives him candy to calm him down. However, if John is sitting quietly in the cart, his mother does not give him candy. John really likes candy, so it is likely that he will repeat his crying behavior, as suggested by _____.

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) Thorndike's law of effect
C) latent learning
D) extinction

Question 52

Operant conditioning is typically MOST effective when the consequences are _____.

A) unusual
B) unexpected
C) immediate
D) delayed

Question 53

As generalization test stimuli become less similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS), the strength of the conditioned response (CR) _____.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) varies randomly

Question 54

Which of the following would MOST likely reflect stimulus generalization of a 1,400 Hz tone?

A) responding only to tones between 1,400 and 1,420 Hz
B) responding only to tones that are 1,400 Hz
C) responding only to tones between 1,370 and 1,400 Hz
D) responding to tones between 1,380 and 1,420 Hz

Question 55

When using negative reinforcement, an _____ stimulus is _____ to _____ a behavior.

A) appetitive; added; strengthen
B) aversive; removed; strengthen
C) appetitive; removed; weaken
D) aversive; added; weaken

Question 56

Positive punishment decreases a behavior by _____ an _____ stimulus.

A) adding; appetitive
B) adding; aversive
C) removing; appetitive
D) removing; aversive

Question 57

An ideal generalization function is _____ with the strength of the CR (conditioned response), _____ as the stimulus becomes less similar to the original CS (conditioned stimulus).

A) symmetric; increasing
B) symmetric; decreasing
C) asymmetric; increasing
D) asymmetric; decreasing

Question 58

After Juan was bitten by a German Shepherd, he feared all dogs. In terms of classical conditioning, Juan's fear of all dogs illustrates which of the following?

A) discrimination
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 59

After a response has been classically conditioned, learning to give the conditioned response (CR) only to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) illustrates which of the following?

A) spontaneous recovery
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) extinction

Question 60

Concerning operant conditioning, punisher refers to _____ and punishment refers to a _____.

A) a person; behavior
B) specific stimuli; process
C) a person; process
D) specific stimuli; behavior

Question 61

Suppose Kara spends more time playing outside than she does cleaning her room. Kara's mother decides to allow Kara to play outside only if she cleans her room first. Kara's mother is applying _____, which states that she can use the chance to perform a frequent behavior to reinforce a less frequent behavior.

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) Thorndike's law of effect
C) Stevens's power law
D) the Premack principle

Question 62

Negative reinforcement is to _____ as negative punishment is to _____.

A) removing an aversive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus
B) adding an appetitive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus
C) removing an aversive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus
D) adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus

Question 63

Which statement about reinforcement and punishment is FALSE?

A) A reinforcer may be effective for one person but not for another.
B) If bad behavior continues after a spanking, the spanking would be considered punishment.
C) We cannot tell if consequences are reinforcing until we know whether a behavior continues.
D) The chance to perform a frequent behavior can be used to reinforce a less frequent behavior.

Question 64

"Negative reinforcement" is the answer to which question?

A) What is the process through which behavior is strengthened when followed by a pleasant stimulus?
B) What is the process through which behavior is weakened when followed by an aversive stimulus?
C) What is the process through which behavior is strengthened when followed by removal of an aversive stimulus?
D) What is the process through which behavior is weakened when followed by removal of a pleasant stimulus?

Question 65

Token economies represent examples of the successful use of _____.

A) primary reinforcers
B) behavior modification
C) secondary reinforcers
D) behavior modification and secondary reinforcers

Question 66

Hefferline, Keenan, and Harford (1959) demonstrated that operant conditioning could occur without awareness of the link between behavior and its consequence when they studied the effects of _____.

A) stress on body tension
B) viewing TV violence on aggressive behavior
C) using a token economy to increase desirable behaviors
D) behavior modification on toilet training

Question 67

When using negative punishment, an _____ stimulus is _____ to _____ a behavior.

A) appetitive; added; strengthen
B) aversive; removed; strengthen
C) appetitive; removed; weaken
D) aversive; added; weaken

Question 68

According to principles of operant conditioning, positive = _____ and negative = ____.

A) good; bad
B) reinforcement; punishment
C) presented; removed
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 69

Food and water are to _____ as money and praise are to _____.

A) negative reinforcers; positive reinforcers
B) primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers
C) secondary reinforcers; primary reinforcers
D) positive reinforcers; negative reinforcers

Question 70

Stan tried a new pain reliever specifically designed for headaches. Taking the pain reliever to get rid of a headache is an example of which process?

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment

Question 71

Primary reinforcer is to _____ as secondary reinforcer is to _____.

A) acquisition; generalization
B) appetitive; aversive
C) innate; learned
D) positive; negative

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

A) money
B) food
C) good grades
D) applause

Question 73

Helping determine whether an event will serve as a reinforcer is to the _____ as being pushed by a bodily need to return the body to a balanced state is to the _____.

A) Premack principle; drive-reduction theory
B) drive-reduction theory; the Premack principle
C) Yerkes-Dodson law; arousal theory
D) arousal theory; Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 74

Negative reinforcement _____ a behavior by removing an _____ stimulus.

A) increases; aversive
B) decreases; aversive
C) increases; appetitive
D) decreases; appetitive

Question 75

Positive reinforcement is to _____ as positive punishment is to _____.

A) adding an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus
B) removing an appetitive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus
C) removing an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus
D) adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus

Question 76

Carla dislikes washing dishes. When Carla shows her mother an excellent report card, her mother tells Carla that she does not have to do the dishes for a week. In this example, not doing the dishes is being associated with which process?

A) positive reinforcement
B) positive punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) negative punishment

Question 77

Which is the BEST example of positive punishment?

A) praise for doing chores results in increased chore completion
B) spanking a child for not obeying rules results in decreases in disobedience
C) taking away a child's TV privileges results in increased chore completion
D) taking aspirin for a headache increases when followed by removal of the pain

Question 78

Which of the following is the BEST example of a secondary reinforcer?

A) a coat when you are shivering
B) a gold star when you do good work
C) a cool drink when you are thirsty
D) a good meal when you are hungry

Question 79

To get his mother's attention, 6-year-old Jacob starts acting like a baby. Whenever he does so, his mother responds angrily, saying, "Stop that! Act your age." However, a little while later, Jacob repeats his babyish behavior. In this example, his mother's response serves as _____.

A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 80

David looks forward to the weekends when he is permitted to drive his Dad's car. When David comes home several hours after his curfew, his Dad tells him that he will not be permitted to drive the car for a month. In this example, not driving the car is BEST associated with which process?

A) positive reinforcement
B) positive punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) negative punishment