Deck 11: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is, in effect, an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as

A) the imaginary audience.
B) the personal fable.
C) the illusion of invulnerability.
D) perspective-taking.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Michael, 15, was just dumped by his girlfriend, Lisa. Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels, but that in time he will feel better. Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be dumped by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about. Which of the following terms best describes Michael's beliefs?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) imaginary audience
C) personal fable
D) illusion of invulnerability

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age

A) cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
B) look less at photographs of themselves than at photos of other children.
C) do not refer to themselves by name.
D) sometimes know their own age and gender.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual are referred to as the person's

A) self-concept.
B) specification.
C) imaginary audience.
D) personal fable.

Question 5

If you ask Eva, a preschooler, to describe herself she is most likely to say

A) "I am on the soccer team."
B) "I'm usually happy."
C) "I'm the fastest runner in my preschool class."
D) "I have blond hair."

Question 6

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek. When they come into the house, his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up. Based on what you know about self-awareness in 2-year-olds, what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in
The mirror?

A) Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek.
B) Touch the black spot he sees on the mirror.
C) Look at his dad to see if he, too, has oil on his face.
D) Not show any indication that he notices the spot.

Question 7

Self-awareness is usually well-established by the age of

A) 6 months.
B) 1 year.
C) 2 years.
D) 3 years.

Question 8

Rina's self-concept includes mention of emotions, social groups to which she belongs, and comparisons of herself to others. How old is Rina?

A) 3 years old
B) 8 years old
C) 13 years old
D) 17 years old

Question 9

Veronica describes herself as an "ambitious, fun-loving Catholic who is going to be a nurse someday." Veronica is probably

A) a toddler.
B) a preschooler.
C) an elementary school age child.
D) an adolescent.

Question 10

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as

A) the personal fable.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) the illusion of invulnerability.
D) hypothetical reasoning.

Question 11

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A) an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world.
B) an indifference about what other people think about them.
C) a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking.
D) having attained identity achievement.

Question 12

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children

A) begin to wonder who they are.
B) become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment.
C) mention emotions when describing themselves.
D) begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.

Question 13

Chan's self-concept includes statements about his attitudes, personality traits, religious beliefs, and occupational goals. How old is Chan?

A) 3 years old
B) 5 years old
C) 8 years old
D) 15 years old

Question 14

Abby is 6 years old while Sheena is 13 years old. Compared to Abby's self-description, Sheena's self-description is likely to be

A) more abstract.
B) based more on physical characteristics.
C) more closely linked to possessions.
D) less future-oriented.

Question 15

Sixteen-year-old Ingrid discovered a spot on her blouse after she arrived at school. Ingrid is afraid that everyone will notice the spot and think she is stupid. Which of the following best describes Ingrid's beliefs?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) imaginary audience
C) personal fable
D) illusion of invulnerability

Question 16

As children grow from preschoolers to adolescents, their self-concepts become

A) more concrete.
B) more elaborate and richer.
C) less psychological.
D) less future-oriented.

Question 17

When describing himself, Kento, a Chinese preschooler, is more likely than David, an American preschooler, to say

A) I play with Daisuke at school.
B) I have trucks.
C) I have brown eyes.
D) I like ice cream.

Question 18

Between the ages of 6 and 8, children's descriptions of themselves are likely to

A) be based on personality traits.
B) be future-oriented.
C) mention emotions and social groups to which they belong.
D) vary with the setting.

Question 19

The self-absorption characteristic of the teenage search for identity is called

A) diffusion.
B) theory of mind.
C) adolescent egocentrism.
D) specification.

Question 20

Jones conducts a study in which he places a red mark on toddlers' noses and then places them in front of a mirror. Dr. Jones appears to be interested in

A) identity statuses.
B) self-awareness.
C) egocentrism.
D) self-esteem.

Question 21

In Marcia's theory, __________ describes individuals who have identities that are determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 22

Troy, a college student, is in the achievement status for career. What does that tell you about his identity status for religion and politics?

A) Troy is in the achievement status for religion and politics.
B) Troy is not in the achievement status for religion and politics.
C) Troy is in the achievement status for religion, but not for politics.
D) It is not possible to determine Troy's identity status for religion and politics by knowing his identity status for career.

Question 23

When children have one European American parent and the other is African American, Asian American, or Hispanic, children tend to adopt the

A) European American identity.
B) ethnic minority identity.
C) the ethnic identity of their father.
D) the ethnic identity of their mother.

Question 24

Marcia's achievement identity status

A) occurs more in younger than in older adolescents.
B) occurs more in older than in younger adolescents.
C) is not related to age.
D) is achieved in all aspects of identity at the same time.

Question 25

As individuals move from early adolescence to young adulthood, Marcia's __________ and __________ identity statuses become less common while __________ and __________ become more common.

A) achievement, moratorium; foreclosure, diffusion
B) moratorium, diffusion; foreclosure, achievement
C) foreclosure, moratorium; diffusion, achievement
D) foreclosure, diffusion; moratorium, achievement

Question 26

In Marcia's theory, __________ describes individuals who are still examining different alternative identities.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 27

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much, he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants. Marcia would describe Vince as being in the __________ phase of achieving identity.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) achievement
D) moratorium

Question 28

Older adolescents are more likely than younger ones to have achieved an ethnic identity because.

A) they are more likely to have had opportunities to explore their cultural heritage.
B) they have parents who encourage them to cling to the "old ways," rather than embracing the new culture.
C) they strongly identify with American culture.
D) they have lower self-esteem.

Question 29

Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to achieve identity?

A) Maximus, who has few close friends.
B) Paulette, who is living in poverty.
C) Othello, who is open to experience and is friendly and helpful.
D) Ursula, who had to drop out of high school to help support her family.

Question 30

A strong, well-defined ethnic identity is associated with

A) younger rather than older adolescents.
B) lower school achievement.
C) a weakened tie to mainstream culture for all ethnic groups.
D) higher self-esteem.

Question 31

As adolescents progress towards achieving an identity

A) adolescent egocentrism increases, while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
B) adolescent egocentrism decreases, while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.
C) adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
D) adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.

Question 32

Adolescents are more likely to reach achievement status when their parents

A) recognize their children's autonomy.
B) discourage discussion.
C) discourage personal experimentation.
D) simply tell them what identity to adopt.

Question 33

Fourteen-year-old Tyler is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and has done little to achieve one. Tyler appears to be in Marcia's __________ identity status.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 34

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active, but doesn't practice safe sex. He thinks becoming infected with AIDS is something that would happen to other people, but not to him. Which of the following concepts best explains Edward's belief?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) the illusion of invulnerability

Question 35

Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to achieve identity?

A) Boris, whose is discouraged by his parents from experimenting personally.
B) Ashley, whose parents encourage discussion and recognize her autonomy.
C) Elizabeth, whose parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation.
D) Nicolas, whose parents pressure him to follow their suggestions.

Question 36

Adolescents tend to believe that misfortune only happens to others, a belief that is referred to as

A) the personal fable.
B) the illusion of invulnerability.
C) the imaginary audience.
D) hypothetical reasoning.

Question 37

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity

A) have lower self-esteem.
B) find interactions with family and friends less satisfying.
C) do poorly in school.
D) have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities.

Question 38

On Laurel's 16th birthday, her parents gave her a new car and a Republican bumper sticker. Laurel was happy to accept the car, but didn't want to display the bumper sticker. She had begun to read and think about different political parties and, although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported, she didn't want to be a Republican just because her parents were. In terms of her political beliefs, Laurel appears to be in Marcia's __________ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 39

Who is most likely to reach achievement status?

A) Gabriel, whose parents discourage discussion
B) Amanda, whose parents give her explicit direction for her choices
C) Kathryn, whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own
D) Ashley, whose parents set rules with little justification

Question 40

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's __________ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 41

During adolescence other domains of self-esteem are added. Which of the following is NOT one of these domains?

A) romantic appeal
B) close friendships
C) job competence
D) financial independence

Question 42

Which of the following is correct regarding depression during adolescence?

A) Adolescent boys are more often affected by depression than are adolescent girls.
B) Children who are more able to regulate their emotions are, as adolescents, more prone to depression.
C) Adolescents more often become depressed because they have high levels of neurotransmitters, which make it difficult for them to experience pleasurable emotions.
D) Adolescents are more likely to become depressed when they have parents who rely on punitive discipline.

Question 43

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?

A) preschool years
B) early elementary-school years
C) late elementary-school years
D) junior high years

Question 44

Anne participates in a study in which she is asked "how much" statements, such as "I'm very good at schoolwork" and "I find it very easy to make friends" apply to her. The study involves measuring

A) perspective-taking.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) self-esteem.
D) ethnic identity.

Question 45

__________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-recognition
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-awareness

Question 46

Darnel is eager to try any sport and feels that he's pretty good at most of them. Mason doesn't enjoy any sports, mainly because he doesn't think he's very good at them. Darnel's and Mason's perceived competencies are different in the domain of

A) scholastic competence.
B) behavioral conduct.
C) physical appearance.
D) athletic competence.

Question 47

An individual's self-esteem

A) becomes more differentiated with age.
B) tends to be at similar levels across different domains.
C) is usually highest during the junior high school years.
D) is not affected by how others view them.

Question 48

Scholastic competence is measured by how

A) popular or accepted the child feels in social interactions with peers.
B) adequate the child feels about behaving the way one is supposed to.
C) competent the child feels at sports and games requiring physical skill and athletic ability.
D) competent or smart the child feels in doing schoolwork.

Question 49

Depression-prone adolescents

A) have higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
B) are more likely to be boys than girls.
C) are likely to become depressed even when there is no triggering event.
D) are more likely to blame themselves for their failures.

Question 50

As children move from being preschoolers to becoming adolescents

A) they are less likely to compare themselves to peers.
B) self-esteem becomes more differentiated.
C) self-esteem shows large increases.
D) girls' self-esteem drops more than boys' after the transition to junior high.

Question 51

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Abe, who just started high school
B) Tex, who just started junior high school
C) Gus, who is in early elementary school
D) Len, who is in preschool

Question 52

If Hunter is a typical adolescent, he will

A) be rebellious.
B) rely upon his parents for advice.
C) not share many of his parents' values.
D) be unhappy.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true?

A) Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of storm-and-stress.
B) Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence.
C) Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child.
D) Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.

Question 54

Stella is a depressed adolescent. She is likely to

A) blame others for her failures.
B) have reduced levels of neurotransmitters.
C) not find psychotherapy a successful way to treat her depression.
D) experience long-lasting treatment effects through short-term drug therapy.

Question 55

Courtney loves the way she looks, especially her long, thick hair and big, dark brown eyes. Courtney's self-worth is high in the domain of

A) athletic competence.
B) physical appearance.
C) social acceptance.
D) behavioral conduct.

Question 56

In the elementary-school years, four specialized areas of self-esteem stand out. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

A) scholastic competence
B) athletic competence
C) behavioral conduct
D) physical appearance

Question 57

How popular a child feels in social interactions with parents and peers is called

A) scholastic competence.
B) athletic competence.
C) social competence.
D) behavioral conduct.

Question 58

Are parent-child relationships in adolescence always positive?

A) Yes - adolescents rarely have disagreements with their parents since they usually share the same tastes, desires, and values.
B) Yes - as teens grow older they spend less time with their parents reduces negative interactions between the parents and adolescents.
C) No - for a majority of families parent-child conflicts in adolescence are serious and associated with behavior problems.
D) No - parents of adolescents sometimes fear that arguments over personal choices like attire or hairstyle) reflect much more fundamental disagreements about values.

Question 59

Which of the following most accurately describes a typical preschooler in terms of self-esteem?

A) full of confidence
B) full of self-doubt
C) at the bottom of the "pecking order"
D) very differentiated

Question 60

Which factor accounts for some of the decrease in self-esteem seen during the elementary school years?

A) parents setting more rules
B) children beginning to compare themselves with peers
C) teachers becoming more involved with students
D) a school emphasis on individualized instruction

Question 61

Compared to other children, children with low self-esteem

A) are likely to have good relations with peers.
B) are more prone to psychological disorders such as depression.
C) are less likely to be involved in antisocial behavior.
D) are more likely to do well in school.

Question 62

In Selman's __________ stage of perspective-taking, children can step into another's shoes and view themselves as others do.

A) self-reflective
B) social-informational
C) third-person
D) societal

Question 63

What advice would you give teachers to help them enhance their students' self-esteem?

A) Don't expect children to work to the best of their ability.
B) Show interest in your students' progress.
C) Discourage children from participating in extracurricular activities.
D) Don't listen to most of what your students say to you.

Question 64

A child who can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person would be seen from the perspective of a neutral third party is in Selman's __________ stage.

A) undifferentiated
B) social-informational
C) self-reflective
D) third-person

Question 65

As children develop, the progression in how they describe others goes from emphasizing

A) concrete traits to including psychological traits, and finally, to integrating traits.
B) an integration of traits to focusing on psychological traits and, finally, to focusing on concrete traits.
C) concrete traits to integrating traits and, finally, to including psychological traits.
D) psychological traits to focusing on concrete traits and, finally, to integrating traits.

Question 66

Three-year-old Caitlin knows that she and other people can have different thoughts and feelings, but she often confuses the two. Caitlin appears to be in Selman's __________ stage of perspective taking.

A) self-reflective
B) societal
C) social-informational
D) undifferentiated

Question 67

During Selman's __________ stage of perspective-taking, children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information.

A) undifferentiated
B) third-person
C) social-informational
D) societal

Question 68

Selman's perspective-taking theory is based on assumptions from __________ theory.

A) Piaget's
B) Vygotsky's
C) psychodynamic
D) social learning

Question 69

Who is likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A) Darrin, whose parents don't set rules
B) Donald, whose parents discuss their rules with him
C) Stephen, whose parents are affectionate toward him
D) Troy, whose parents are involved in his extra-curricular activities

Question 70

When Kristin makes the transition from elementary school to junior high school, you would expect her self-esteem to

A) decrease.
B) increase.
C) fluctuate up and down unpredictably.
D) remain stable.

Question 71

Which of the following is correct regarding how ethnicity and culture each influence self-esteem?

A) Compared to European Americans, Hispanic Americans have higher self-esteem during most of the elementary-school years.
B) Compared to European Americans, African Americans have higher self-esteem during most of the elementary-school years.
C) Compared to European Americans, African Americans have higher self-esteem during adolescence.
D) Compared to European American, Hispanic Americans have higher self-esteem during adolescence.

Question 72

Fifteen-year-old Gerald realizes that a third person's perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts. Gerald is in Selman's __________ stage of perspective-taking.

A) social-informational
B) self-reflective
C) societal
D) third-person

Question 73

Young children's descriptions of other people tend to focus on

A) abstract traits.
B) psychological traits.
C) concrete traits.
D) integrating contradictory traits.

Question 74

During the elementary school years

A) self-esteem reaches its peak.
B) self-esteem becomes less differentiated.
C) children become less likely to compare themselves with peers.
D) self-esteem usually drops.

Question 75

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) John, who works hard in school
B) David, who has trouble getting along with his peers
C) Dustin, who doesn't participate in extracurricular activities
D) James, who often has disciplinary problems

Question 76

If a child says that his mother won't mind that he took cookies from the cookie jar because she likes cookies, then the child is in Selman's __________ stage.

A) undifferentiated
B) social-informational
C) self-reflective
D) third-person

Question 77

As children mature, their descriptions of others

A) become more concrete.
B) are more likely to include psychological traits.
C) become simpler.
D) are more likely to include references to possessions.

Question 78

Because Danielle, a junior high school student, has low self-esteem, she is

A) likely to get along well with peers.
B) unlikely to become depressed.
C) unlikely to be involved in bully and aggressive behavior.
D) likely to do poorly in school.

Question 79

Which of the following is 7-year-old Megan LEAST likely to say when describing a person?

A) "She has brown hair."
B) "She lives next door to me."
C) "She has a swingset."
D) "She is friendly."

Question 80

Children are more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem if

A) they are provided with negative feedback from their peers.
B) their parents do not set rules for them.
C) they believe that their peers think highly of them.
D) their parents do not discuss rules and discipline with them.