Deck 15: Section 2: Gender Development

Question 1

Biosocial theory focuses on _____ and their behavioural and social consequences.

A) gender-typed behaviours
B) sex differences in hormones
C) physical sex differences
D) gender roles

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Assertion refers to the tendency to:

A) minimize one's own self-worth.
B) take action on behalf of the self.
C) establish connections with others.
D) blend a variety of behaviours.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The process of socialization and development of males and females is referred to as:

A) sex typing.
B) gender typing.
C) sex education.
D) gender socialization.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Affiliation refers to the tendency to:

A) minimize one's own self-worth.
B) take action on behalf of the self.
C) establish connections with others.
D) blend a variety of behaviours.

Question 5

The term gender is conventionally used to refer to:

A) one's social categorization as male or female.
B) one's genetically specified category as male or female.
C) behaviours associated with being male or female.
D) biological processes involving hormones.

Question 6

_____ focuses on physical sex differences and their behavioural and social consequences.

A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Neuroscientific perspective
C) Gender schema theory
D) Biosocial theory

Question 7

Evolutionary psychologists would be likely to view gender differences in mating habits as due to:

A) differences in the roles society imposes on men and women.
B) fundamental gender differences in what is necessary to have viable, successful offspring.
C) gender differences in intelligence.
D) observational learning during childhood.

Question 8

The blending of the assertion and affiliation styles of behaviour is referred to as:

A) cooperation.
B) collaboration.
C) association.
D) amalgamation.

Question 9

A class of hormones that are typically thought of as male hormones are:

A) androgens.
B) estrogens.
C) pheromones.
D) spermones.

Question 10

Some researchers who take a neuroscience approach to gender differences argue that those differences stem from different:

A) treatment by adults.
B) levels of androgens.
C) levels of knowledge about the two sexes.
D) play styles.

Question 11

Which of these statements is NOT a criticism of the version of evolutionary psychology described in the text?

A) It explains male behaviour better than it explains female behaviour.
B) Its claims cannot be tested.
C) It uses circular reasoning.
D) It is deterministic.

Question 12

Which assertion would provide the BEST support for the evolutionary psychological perspective on gender differences?

A) Boys have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of men, and girls have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of women.
B) Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C) Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 13

Evolutionary psychologists view gender differences in behaviour as stemming from:

A) the history of the human species.
B) differences in the contexts in which males and females reside.
C) imitating same-sex models.
D) gender segregation.

Question 14

Which statement is NOT a proposal of biosocial theory?

A) Biology is destiny.
B) Social ecology can shape the different gender roles assigned to men and women.
C) Physical differences between males and females have behavioural and social consequences.
D) Men's physical abilities tended to confer status in society for much of human history.

Question 15

For boys, behaviours associated with males are referred to as _____, and behaviours associated with females are referred to as _____.

A) sex-typed; cross-sex-typed
B) cross-sex-typed; sex-typed
C) gender-typed; cross-gender-typed
D) cross-gender-typed; gender-typed

Question 16

Assertion includes an emphasis on which quality?

A) sensitive
B) cooperative
C) affectionate
D) independent

Question 17

The biological processes involved in differences between males and females are referred to as relating to:

A) sex.
B) gender.
C) gender typing.
D) gender roles.

Question 18

Affiliation includes an emphasis on which quality?

A) sensitive
B) active
C) task-oriented
D) influential

Question 19

Which theory does NOT account for children's early superior knowledge about gender-typed objects and behaviours over cross-gender-typed objects and behaviours?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) gender schema theory
C) social identity theory
D) Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory

Question 20

Evolutionary psychologists explain girls' affiliative orientation by proposing that it:

A) is a result of differences in brain structure.
B) conferred an advantage in seeking mates.
C) may have increased the probability that their offspring would survive long enough to reproduce.
D) is a less-developed manner of behaving.

Question 21

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development is particularly concerned with:

A) how gender knowledge develops.
B) parents' differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate and -inappropriate behaviour.
C) biologically based sex differences.
D) the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently.

Question 22

Which question would be asked by children who have acquired a gender identity?

A) "Am I a boy or a girl?"
B) "Will I always be a girl?"
C) "Am I still a girl if I have short hair and like to play football?"
D) All of these questions might be asked by such children.

Question 23

Organizing influences of androgens on the nervous system occur when:

A) fluctuations in sex-linked hormones influence brain and behavioural responses.
B) differences in brain structure result in gender differences in abilities.
C) individuals self-socialize as a result of sex-linked hormonal influences.
D) sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation.

Question 24

In comparison with the brains of males, the brains of females have:

A) a larger corpus callosum.
B) less dense nerve connections in the area of the brain associated with linguistic processing.
C) greater hemispheric specialization.
D) a larger area of the brain associated with processing spatial information.

Question 25

Studies of individuals whose gender identification does not match their observable genitalia have demonstrated the:

A) dominance of gender identification over socialization.
B) importance of gender constancy.
C) irrelevance of hormones in gender-typed behaviour.
D) dominance of socialization over gender identification.

Question 26

Which difference is the BEST example of children's active role in the development of gender-typed behaviour?

A) preschoolers' typical choices of Halloween costumes
B) parents' setting up of gender-typed environments
C) boys' greater tendency to call out answers in class
D) girls' greater linguistic ability

Question 27

The process whereby children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and act in accordance with their beliefs is referred to as:

A) gender identification.
B) self-socialization.
C) gender assertion.
D) self-schematization.

Question 28

Which condition is associated with high levels of rough-and-tumble play in girls?

A) ADD
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C) epilepsy
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 29

The cognitive perspective on gender development is concerned with:

A) children's efforts to socialize themselves.
B) parents' and teachers' unintentional socialization of children.
C) differences in brain functioning between girls and boys.
D) all of these factors.

Question 30

Cognitive theories of gender development stress:

A) gender differences in brain structure.
B) children's gender self-socialization.
C) opportunity structure.
D) differences in male and female social roles.

Question 31

Kohlberg's concept of gender constancy involves the understanding that:

A) one is a member of one gender category or another.
B) gender is consistent even when superficial changes occur.
C) gender is stable over time.
D) gender is determined by sex chromosomes.

Question 32

Levels of which activity would MOST likely be positively associated with the level of androgens in the body?

A) parenting play
B) cooperation
C) physical aggression
D) empathy

Question 33

Activating influences of androgens on the nervous system occur when:

A) fluctuations in sex-linked hormones influence brain and behavioural responses.
B) differences in brain structure result in gender differences in abilities.
C) individuals self-socialize as a result of sex-linked hormonal influences.
D) sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation.

Question 34

According to Kohlberg, which child's behaviour on a Piagetian conservation task indicates that she has likely achieved gender constancy?

A) Melinda, who believes that a row of pennies that has been spread out has more pennies than it originally did
B) Alicia, who intently watches the liquid being poured from one container to another to understand where the extra liquid is going
C) Jasmine, who states that a ball of clay that has been rolled out into a hot dog shape has more clay after the change
D) None of these children has likely achieved gender constancy.

Question 35

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because:

A) they actively seek out same-sex models.
B) they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender.
C) they spend more time with members of the same sex.
D) their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities.

Question 36

Which theory is NOT an example of a cognitive perspective on gender development?

A) gender schema theory
B) bioecological model
C) Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development
D) social identity theory

Question 37

According to Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development, children begin to imitate same-sex models when they:

A) have established gender identity.
B) are rewarded.
C) have achieved gender constancy.
D) have constructed gender schemas.

Question 38

Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development proposes that which factor is the basis for the development of gender knowledge?

A) children's intrinsic motivation to learn about gender
B) general cognitive development
C) parents' explicit instruction
D) peer socialization

Question 39

Which child has established gender identity, but has NOT developed gender stability?

A) Darrell asks his father, "Am I a girl?"
B) Kimmy tells her grandfather, "Even though I like to wear pants and play with trucks, I am still a girl."
C) Carolyn tells her new teacher, "Hi. My name is Carolyn. I'm a girl. When I grow up, I'd like to be a daddy."
D) Sam, an infant, is more strongly attached to his father than to his mother.

Question 40

The contribution of self-socialization to gender differences is demonstrated by:

A) gender segregation.
B) dressing female infants in pink and dressing male infants in blue.
C) the genetic predisposition for boys, but not girls, to engage in rough-and-tumble play.
D) all of these factors.

Question 41

In-group assimilation refers to:

A) the process whereby individuals are forced to conform to the group's norms.
B) the process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms.
C) the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as inferior to that which is associated with the out-group.
D) the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as superior to that which is associated with the out-group.

Question 42

According to gender schema theory, which schema is children's first gender-related schema?

A) own-sex schema
B) other-sex schema
C) ingroup/outgroup schema
D) good/bad schema

Question 43

The tendency for people to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the group to which they belong as superior to those of the other group is referred to as:

A) in-group assimilation.
B) in-group bias.
C) out-group assimilation.
D) out-group bias.

Question 44

Five-year-old John is shown two toys. He is told the first toy, a type of machine that he has never before seen, is "for girls." He is told the second toy, a type of kitchen apparatus that he has never before seen, is "for boys." John is MOST likely to play with:

A) the machine.
B) the kitchen apparatus.
C) both toys equally.
D) neither toy, as he will be confused about which one is appropriate for him.

Question 45

Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender:

A) identities.
B) systems.
C) socializations.
D) schemas.

Question 46

Through the process of in-group assimilation, a young girl will:

A) be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls.
B) be tempted by males' higher social status to demonstrate gender-neutral characteristics.
C) perceive other girls and the characteristics associated with being a girl as superior to boys and the characteristics associated with being a boy.
D) do all of these.

Question 47

Social identity theory would predict that the more time one spends with a group, the more one will:

A) come to like each member of the group.
B) be able to differentiate among members of the group.
C) become similar to the members of the group.
D) do all of these.

Question 48

According to gender schema theory, which statement is NOT true?

A) Children remember more about the observation of members of their own sex than about the observation of members of the other sex.
B) Children are more likely to retain information that is gender consistent than information that is gender inconsistent.
C) Children are more likely to distort information that is gender inconsistent than information that is gender consistent.
D) Children are more likely to accurately encode information about members of the other sex than about members of their own sex.

Question 49

Which finding is NOT consistent with social identity theory?

A) Girls are more likely to engage in masculine-stereotyped behaviour than boys are to engage in feminine-stereotyped behaviour.
B) Gender-typing pressures are more rigid for girls than for boys.
C) Masculine-stereotyped characteristics are valued more highly than feminine-stereotyped characteristics.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to maintain group boundaries.

Question 50

Gender schema theory proposes that gender differences have to do with children's tendency to:

A) gather information about the appropriate objects and behaviour for their own sex to the detriment of the objects and behaviour of the opposite sex.
B) identify with the same-sex parent as a result of a sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent.
C) be reinforced and rewarded for displaying gender-appropriate behaviours.
D) spend more time in gender-appropriate contexts.

Question 51

Which assertion provides the BEST support for the perspective of gender schema theory on gender differences?

A) Boys have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of men, and girls have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of women.
B) Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C) Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 52

Children who heard a story that featured a character engaging in a gender-inconsistent manner tended to:

A) accurately remember the information.
B) distort the information.
C) accurately encode the information.
D) process the information at a deep level.

Question 53

Gender schema theory holds that children's intrinsic motivation to acquire gender-consistent interests, values, and behaviour emerges when children:

A) realize that gender is stable across situations.
B) understand that gender is constant across time.
C) can identify their own gender.
D) are born.

Question 54

Kohlberg proposed that children's understanding of gender begins at approximately age _____ and is complete at approximately age _____.

A) 1; 4
B) 2; 6
C) 3; 6
D) 2; 8

Question 55

The concepts of in-group bias and in-group assimilation are central to:

A) Kohlberg's theory.
B) gender schema theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) social cognitive theory.

Question 56

Liben and Bigler's addition of the _____ helps to account for findings indicating that children are often more traditional in some areas than they are in others.

A) gender schema filter
B) gender identity schema
C) interest filter
D) ability filter

Question 57

Which list places Kohlberg's stages in the correct developmental sequence?

A) gender stability, gender constancy, gender identity
B) gender constancy, gender stability, gender identity
C) gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy
D) gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability

Question 58

Research has indicated that Kohlberg was wrong about the:

A) sequence of children's understanding of gender.
B) existence of the gender constancy stage.
C) association between gender understanding and the understanding of conservation.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 59

Which theory BEST explains the perpetuation of stereotypes that have little or no basis in reality?

A) gender schema theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory
D) social learning theory

Question 60

Social identity theory is particularly interested in the influence of:

A) the contexts in which development occurs.
B) cognitive advancements.
C) hormones.
D) group membership.

Question 61

A study of recent emergency room patients in Newfoundland found which difference in parental reports?

A) Fathers talked about the emotional experiences of their injured children much less than mothers did.
B) Mothers and fathers talked about the emotional reaction of their daughters more than their sons.
C) Mothers talked more about the physical symptoms of their injured children than fathers did.
D) Fathers talked more about the emotional response of sons more than daughters.

Question 62

Lacey has just finished watching a children's television show in Canada. What is the probability that the main character was female?

A) 6%
B) 16%
C) 36%
D) 56%

Question 63

What does research suggest would be the BEST way to reduce gender-role stereotyping in children?

A) have boys do more crafts
B) reduce television time
C) increase music exposure to children
D) have girls participate in more sports

Question 64

Which perspective emphasizes a community's opportunity structure?

A) bioecological model
B) social role theory
C) social identity theory
D) biosocial theory

Question 65

Which of these processes is NOT included in observational learning?

A) attention
B) motivation
C) assimilation
D) production

Question 66

Which behaviour is NOT typical of parents?

A) using gender-essentialist statements
B) encouraging children of both sexes to help with similar household tasks
C) dividing household tasks between the mother and the father in traditional ways
D) explaining complicated science concepts to a greater extent to boys than to girls

Question 67

Which statement provides the BEST support for the social cognitive theory of gender differences?

A) Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities.
B) Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C) Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 68

Gender-essentialist statements:

A) imply that the characteristics in question can change easily.
B) are typically phrased in the future tense.
C) imply that the characteristics in question are true of some, but not all, of the entire group.
D) may convey the idea that gender is an important distinction.

Question 69

Social cognitive theory focuses on the reciprocal causation among all of these factors EXCEPT:

A) behavioural patterns.
B) biological factors.
C) personal factors.
D) environmental factors.

Question 70

In a Canadian home where two adults work full time, how is housework typically divided?

A) equally
B) men do half as much housework as women
C) men do one-quarter as much housework as women
D) men do about 30 minutes less housework a day than women

Question 71

According to the bioecological approach, child socialization practices serve to:

A) reinforce genetically based gender differences.
B) assist children to be successful in their field of interest.
C) prepare children for adult roles.
D) teach children a variety of behaviours and attitudes so that they can choose among them.

Question 72

Greater levels of TV viewing by children are NOT likely to be associated with:

A) higher levels of gender-nonessentialist statements.
B) greater preference for gender-typed activities.
C) more highly stereotypical beliefs about males and females.
D) greater endorsement of gender stereotypes.

Question 73

Jacob's dad often teaches his son how to make minor car repairs. According to social cognitive theory, this is an example of:

A) enactive experience.
B) modeling.
C) tuition.
D) collaboration.

Question 74

Which statement would be considered to be a gender-essentialist statement?

A) "Those girls are great dancers."
B) "Joshua is always getting dirty."
C) "Rachel loves pink."
D) "Boys are good at computers."

Question 75

According to social cognitive theory, learning occurs through all of these modes EXCEPT:

A) age-related brain development.
B) direct teaching.
C) experiencing the reactions one's behaviour evokes in others.
D) modeling.

Question 76

Which finding provides the clearest evidence for the hypothesis that watching TV causes stereotyping?

A) Children in a town that had no access to TV showed an increase in stereotypical views following the introduction of TV.
B) Boys hold more stereotypical views than do girls.
C) Older children, who watch more TV than younger children, hold more stereotypical views than younger children do.
D) Children who watch more cartoons hold more stereotypical views than do children who watch fewer cartoons.

Question 77

Which theory is particularly useful when interpreting variations across societies in women's and men's relative status and power?

A) social role theory
B) social identity theory
C) cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development
D) biosocial theory

Question 78

Which scenario is an example of enactive experience?

A) Ty's dad helps him with his science homework.
B) Tristan notices that his teacher pays more attention to him when he gets angry than when he cries.
C) Emily's grandmother teaches her how to sew a button on a shirt.
D) Kaya watches her mother take care of her baby brother.

Question 79

With which assertion is social identity theory consistent?

A) Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes.
B) Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes.
C) Boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes to the same degree.
D) Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes.

Question 80

The concepts of tuition, observational learning, and enactive experience are central to:

A) Kohlberg's theory.
B) gender schema theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) social cognitive theory.