Deck 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Question 1

Bowlby proposed that attachment:

A) occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees.
B) is rooted in evolution.
C) is necessary for identity development.
D) has at its centre the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which mechanism?

A) imprinting
B) development of the id
C) theory of mind
D) identification

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) reciprocal relationships
D) preattachment

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Attachment theory was proposed by:

A) Harlow.
B) Ainsworth.
C) Bowlby.
D) Lorenz.

Question 5

Bowlby proposed that an individual's internal working model of attachment contains:

A) expectations about whether interpersonal relationships will be rewarding.
B) thoughts about whether one is physically attractive.
C) notions about whether other people are generally intelligent.
D) All of these are parts of an individual's internal working model of attachment according to Bowlby.

Question 6

The study of parent‒child attachment was prompted by:

A) interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome.
B) observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s.
C) studies of aggression in monkeys.
D) an analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents.

Question 7

Darrell exhibits separation distress when his mother leaves and happily greets her when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with her. Bowlby would consider Darrell to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 8

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her:

A) attachment security.
B) personal fable.
C) internal working model.
D) identity.

Question 9

Separation anxiety typically declines in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 10

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

A) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate.
B) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers.
C) The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate.
D) The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Question 11

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 12

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

A) security object.
B) dependent attachment figure.
C) secure base.
D) working model.

Question 13

Infants respond preferentially to familiar caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 14

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base?

A) It enables a child to learn about the world.
B) It is a source of entertainment and learning.
C) It provides a sense of assurance.
D) It serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared.

Question 15

Attachments are:

A) enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.
B) compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets.
C) connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span.
D) qualities that are central to one's identity.

Question 16

Internal working models of attachment:

A) persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood.
B) involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love.
C) are possessed only by securely attached individuals.
D) are entirely due to biology.

Question 17

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases?

A) reciprocal relationships
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment

Question 18

Emmy responds more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles and laughs more often in her mother's presence than in the presence of other people. She does not exhibit separation distress, nor does she actively seek out her mother. Bowlby would consider Emmy to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A) attachment-in-the-making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 19

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys:

A) rose into leadership positions.
B) died early of unusual infections.
C) were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys.
D) had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

Question 20

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the CORRECT developmental sequence?

A) attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships
B) preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment
C) reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment
D) preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Question 21

Which behaviour would NOT be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

A) displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother
B) demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) failing to greet mother during reunions and ignoring her while she is in the room

Question 22

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation?

A) separations from the caregiver
B) reunions with the caregiver
C) interactions with a stranger
D) contact with novel, scary objects

Question 23

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as:

A) avoidant.
B) ambivalent.
C) disorganized.
D) secure.

Question 24

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at:

A) infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base.
B) infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant.
C) mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver.
D) the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Question 25

Aspects of childcare were related to attachment security when children experienced:

A) risks in the childcare context.
B) risks in the home context.
C) risks at both childcare and home contexts.
D) risks neither at childcare nor home contexts.

Question 26

In the Strange Situation, Baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 27

Which statement about the association between infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation and their behaviour at home is TRUE?

A) Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home.
B) The behaviours of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home.
C) Infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation is related to interactions with their mothers at home.
D) There is little association between infants' behaviour in the two settings.

Question 28

Which assertion about attachment behaviours in different cultures is TRUE?

A) Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviours and are classified into the same major attachment groups.
B) Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns.
C) Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behaviour and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in North America.
D) Attachment behaviours are entirely dependent on culture, and the Strange Situation can be used only to classify infants in North America.

Question 29

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants':

A) smiling directed at their caregivers.
B) verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers.
C) reactions to separations from their caregivers.
D) crying in the presence of their caregivers.

Question 30

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 31

Which statement is NOT true of the SECCYD?

A) The study measured characteristics of children's families and their childcare settings.
B) The study measured children's attachment to their mothers using the Strange Situation procedure.
C) The study measured the parents' social status, economic status, and health status.
D) The study measured the quality of the mother's interactions with the children.

Question 32

The majority of middle-class infants in North America fall into which attachment category?

A) insecure/avoidant
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) secure
D) insecure/resistant

Question 33

The SECCYD found that 15-month-olds in childcare were likely to experience which form of attachment to their caregivers?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 34

Which factor was found by the SECCYD to be a predictor of secure attachment?

A) type of childcare
B) number of childcare arrangements
C) quality of childcare
D) maternal sensitivity

Question 35

In the Strange Situation, Baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 36

Which behaviour during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant?

A) ignoring mother when she returns to room
B) displaying severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) while playing, looking back to check on mother

Question 37

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the:

A) Strange Situation.
B) Internal Working Model.
C) Reciprocity Test.
D) Stranger Interaction Test.

Question 38

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is:

A) parental sensitivity.
B) physical contact between parent and child.
C) infant temperament
D) continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent.

Question 39

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 40

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

A) separations from the caregiver
B) reunions with the caregiver
C) interactions with a stranger
D) contact with novel objects

Question 41

Compared with children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants are more likely to demonstrate:

A) intensely close romantic relationships as adults.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) concern for others.
D) social withdrawal

Question 42

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than are other mothers to have infants who are:

A) insecure/resistant.
B) securely attached.
C) disorganized/disoriented.
D) insecure/avoidant.

Question 43

When is intervention most effective in preventing insecure attachment?

A) when the intervention occurs early
B) if the family has a history of maltreatment
C) both when the intervention occurs early and if the family has a history of maltreatment
D) neither when the intervention occurs early nor if the family has a history of maltreatment

Question 44

Compared with children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants do NOT demonstrate:

A) more social competence.
B) less anxiety and depression.
C) better ability to understand other's emotions.
D) increased anxiety and depression.

Question 45

The MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are differences in:

A) the quality of adult models.
B) opportunities for peer interaction.
C) abilities to use social comparisons.
D) internal working models.

Question 46

Mothers who are easily overwhelmed and who are inconsistent in responding to their infants are more likely than are other mothers to have infants who are:

A) insecure/resistant.
B) disorganized/disoriented.
C) difficult.
D) insecure/avoidant.

Question 47

Parental sensitivity does NOT involve:

A) responding quickly to the needs of the crying baby.
B) smiling, laughing, and making sounds at the baby.
C) being emotionally available.
D) inconsistency in responding to the infant.

Question 48

Which behaviour is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

A) displaying separation distress
B) demonstrating joint attention
C) turning toward a noise
D) showing happiness when controlling objects

Question 49

Interventions to prevent insecure attachment are geared toward:

A) parents.
B) children.
C) both parents and children.
D) social environments.

Question 50

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment?

A) maternal trauma
B) socioeconomic status
C) specific genes
D) number of children in the family

Question 51

Which factor MOST impedes researchers' ability to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning?

A) difficulty with conducting longitudinal studies
B) the stable nature of the quality of parent‒child interactions
C) developmental changes in attachment characteristics
D) changes in family dynamics over the course of the child's development

Question 52

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviours?

A) There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment.
B) Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component.
C) Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment.
D) Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

Question 53

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behaviour?

A) insecure/resistant
B) secure
C) disorganized/distressed
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 54

At what age is an intervention most effective in preventing insecure attachment?

A) between birth and 3 months of age
B) between 3 and 6 months of age
C) between 3 and 9 months of age
D) between 9 and 12 months of age

Question 55

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self present?

A) 2 to 4 months
B) 7 to 8 months
C) 12 to 14 months
D) 18 to 20 months

Question 56

The self-concept refers to:

A) one's physical appearance.
B) one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
C) one's personality and intelligence.
D) one's comparison to others.

Question 57

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

A) Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments.
B) Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers.
C) Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached.
D) Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 58

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

A) Children who are securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent.
B) When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent‒child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age.
C) Children who had a secure attachment during infancy are more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than are other children.
D) There is no association between infant attachment security and social functioning.

Question 59

This intervention targets parenting behaviour and encourages parents to reflect on their own mental representations of how parents and children should interact. Parents are then guided by a therapist to change any maladaptive representations.

A) Circle of Security
B) Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up
C) Circle of Attachment
D) A-Z

Question 60

Which goal is NOT taught to parents by the ABC intervention?

A) providing nurturance to the child
B) following the child's lead
C) avoiding frightening behaviours
D) changing maladaptive representations of parent-child relationships

Question 61

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age?

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 62

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to:

A) place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them.
B) involve confusion about contradictions in the self.
C) reflect internalized values.
D) focus on parental expectations.

Question 63

Which behaviour is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

A) making independent movements
B) crying
C) separation distress
D) talking

Question 64

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are NOT:

A) abstract.
B) focused to a considerable degree on their social competence.
C) often seemingly contradictory.
D) consistent and stable.

Question 65

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A) "I am a great dancer. See, I can do a pirouette."
B) "I love to go apple picking."
C) "I have brown hair."
D) "My sister is a faster runner than me."

Question 66

Which statement regarding a 3-year-old child's sense of self is TRUE?

A) It involves comparisons of herself with others.
B) It includes global views of herself that are not directly tied to specific behaviours.
C) It is focused on observable features.
D) It involves others' evaluations of herself.

Question 67

_____ is/are used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

A) The Strange Situation
B) Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile
C) Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror
D) Personal Fables

Question 68

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

A) 3 years
B) 7 years
C) 10 years
D) 14 years

Question 69

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behaviour is known as:

A) imaginary audience.
B) personal fable.
C) social comparison.
D) self-concept.

Question 70

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A) "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean."
B) "I don't have that many friends."
C) "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am."
D) "I can be a real introvert sometimes."

Question 71

Which emotion is an indicator that a child has a sense of self?

A) happiness
B) anger
C) sadness
D) shame

Question 72

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

A) lie to their parents.
B) boast about their abilities.
C) regard their feelings as unique and special.
D) believe they are invincible.

Question 73

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Marlon's face and then puts him in front of the mirror, he touches the spot on his face. When the experimenter shows Marlon a photo of himself alongside photos of two other boys his age, Marlon does not recognize himself. Marlon is MOST likely to be at what age?

A) 14 months
B) 17 months
C) 19 months
D) 24 months

Question 74

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on:

A) social comparison.
B) self-esteem.
C) overconfidence.
D) an adolescent sense of self.

Question 75

The "terrible twos" are an indication of:

A) insecure attachment.
B) self-awareness.
C) negative identity.
D) parental insensitivity.

Question 76

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behaviour. This feeling is referred to as:

A) a belief in an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) a belief in the all-important self.
D) egocentric.

Question 77

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

A) experiencing embarrassment
B) recognizing self in the mirror
C) attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals
D) imitating others' facial expressions

Question 78

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of the mirror, she touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be at what age?

A) 14 months
B) 17 months
C) 20 months
D) 11 months

Question 79

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late elementary school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child?

A) more complex
B) based to a greater extent on peer relationships
C) more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities
D) more likely to include social comparisons

Question 80

The personal fable is a form of:

A) sense of self.
B) identity.
C) coping mechanism.
D) egocentrism.