Deck 9: Theories of Social Development

Question 1

If the ego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) "Let's figure out how to make this work."
B) "I want it NOW!"
C) "That's not the right thing to do."
D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Freud's theory, infants fear:

A) delay of gratification.
B) loss of love.
C) potty training.
D) hunger.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Freud, which personality structure develops FIRST?

A) the id
B) the superid
C) the ego
D) the superego

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Freud's stages are characterized by:

A) the context that is important during that time period.
B) a specific crisis that must be resolved.
C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.
D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Question 5

During which stage does the ego develop?

A) phallic
B) latency
C) oral
D) anal

Question 6

Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the CORRECT developmental order?

A) anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital
B) oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal
C) genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 7

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his:

A) conscience.
B) superego.
C) erogenous zones.
D) id.

Question 8

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by:

A) their instinctual drives.
B) the contexts in which they live.
C) interpretations of their parents' behaviour.
D) their attributional biases.

Question 9

The id is ruled by:

A) the conscience.
B) the pleasure principle.
C) conscious impulses.
D) the reality principle.

Question 10

In Freud's theory, the biologically based, instinctual drives that inspire behaviour, thoughts, and feelings are referred to as:

A) motivational orientation.
B) psychic energy.
C) erogenous zones.
D) intuition.

Question 11

Psychoanalytic theories view development as driven by:

A) external factors.
B) biological maturation.
C) the multiple contexts in which children develop.
D) children's active shaping of their own development.

Question 12

If the id, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) "Let's consider our options."
B) "I want it NOW!"
C) "That's not the right thing to do."
D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

Question 13

According to Freud, in every stage, children:

A) must channel their psychic energy outside of their body.
B) face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone.
C) constrain the id with the superego.
D) do all of these.

Question 14

The goal of the ego is to:

A) balance the demands of the id with the external world.
B) maximize the individual's pleasure.
C) control the individual's behaviour on the basis of moral beliefs.
D) seek security for the individual.

Question 15

Individuals in the anal stage are focused on conflict surrounding:

A) breastfeeding.
B) parents' choice of intellectual pursuits for the child.
C) toilet training.
D) the conscience.

Question 16

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her:

A) superego.
B) id.
C) ego.
D) conscience.

Question 17

Which characteristic does NOT describe the id?

A) unconscious
B) primitive
C) impulsive
D) realistic

Question 18

According to Freud, infants are in which stage of development?

A) immediate gratification
B) anal
C) comfort
D) oral

Question 19

The _____ is NOT a personality structure hypothesized by Freud.

A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) superid

Question 20

Psychoanalytic theories emphasize:

A) social reasoning.
B) external factors as sources of development.
C) continuity of individual differences.
D) the importance of cognitive factors in development.

Question 21

Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson's theory:

A) has fewer stages.
B) is more focused on the influence of sexual pleasure on development.
C) spans from infancy to old age.
D) views development as more continuous.

Question 22

According to Freud, girls, but not boys, experience:

A) the Electra complex.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) identification.

Question 23

Erikson's stages are characterized by:

A) the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage.
B) a specific crisis that must be resolved.
C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.
D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Question 24

The superego is based on:

A) the reality principle.
B) internalization of parents' standards for acceptable behaviour.
C) the pleasure principle.
D) none of these.

Question 25

The Oedipus complex occurs during which of Freud's stages?

A) latency
B) genital
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 26

During which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities?

A) phallic
B) latency
C) anal
D) genital

Question 27

If the superego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) "Let's consider our options."
B) "I want it NOW!"
C) "That's not the right thing to do."
D) "That's going to cause problems in the future."

Question 28

According to Erikson, if a person does not successfully resolve the conflict of a particular stage, the person:

A) becomes fixated on the needs of that stage.
B) makes hostile attributions.
C) develops infantile amnesia.
D) continues to struggle with the issue.

Question 29

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is:

A) developing high standards.
B) achieving a sense of autonomy.
C) developing a sense of trust.
D) mastering skills important to the culture.

Question 30

Which personality structure is considered the conscience?

A) the ego
B) the id
C) the superego
D) the subego

Question 31

According to Freud, children's identification with the same-sex parent begins when:

A) they imprint onto him or her.
B) their biological urges come into play.
C) they must repress their sexual feelings for their opposite-sex parent.
D) they internalize their parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

Question 32

According to Freud, _____ leads children to the emergence of the superego.

A) coping with the intense sexual desires of the genital stage
B) coping with the intense sexual desires of the phallic stage
C) the need to suppress immediate gratification in the anal stage
D) the need to suppress immediate gratification in the phallic stage

Question 33

According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the _____ stage.

A) genital
B) phallic
C) latency
D) anal

Question 34

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may:

A) become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.
B) experience an identity crisis.
C) make hostile attributions.
D) develop infantile amnesia.

Question 35

During which stage does the superego develop?

A) phallic
B) latency
C) anal
D) genital

Question 36

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n):

A) superego.
B) fixation.
C) id.
D) ego.

Question 37

According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)?

A) ages 2 to 3 years
B) ages 3 to 6 years
C) ages 6 to 12 years
D) beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

Question 38

According to Freud, children's experience of the Electra complex involves:

A) the development of the superego.
B) identification with the father.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) erotic feelings toward the father.

Question 39

Which stage begins with the start of sexual maturation?

A) phallic
B) latency
C) genital
D) oral

Question 40

The behaviour that is NOT part of Freud's concept of and resolution of the Oedipus complex is boys':

A) experience of sexual desire for their mothers.
B) internalization of their fathers' values.
C) desire to have an exclusive relationship with their fathers.
D) view their fathers as rivals.

Question 41

Traditional learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development.

A) cognitive factors
B) internal forces
C) subjective experience
D) external factors

Question 42

Repeated exposure to a feared object or experience in order to reduce fear is referred to as:

A) systematic desensitization.
B) operant conditioning.
C) behaviour modification.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 43

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience:

A) mistrust.
B) role confusion.
C) isolation.
D) shame and doubt.

Question 44

According to Erikson, successful resolution of the industry versus inferiority crisis involves:

A) achieving a core sense of identity.
B) developing a conscience.
C) mastering important skills and cooperating with others.
D) identifying with one's powerful parent.

Question 45

According to Erikson, children develop a conscience during which stage?

A) initiative versus guilt
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) basic trust versus mistrust
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 46

John Watson advised parents to treat their children with:

A) respect.
B) hostile attributions.
C) affection.
D) objectivity.

Question 47

Which property is NOT a goal theorized by Erikson's first five stages of development to be important?

A) differentiation
B) trust
C) identity
D) initiative

Question 48

Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do NOT include an emphasis on the importance of:

A) unconscious processes.
B) close relationships.
C) early experience.
D) objective experience.

Question 49

What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage?

A) be consistent and warm in their caretaking
B) help the children have successful experiences
C) not be highly controlling
D) instill socially acceptable behaviours

Question 50

On which point do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree?

A) existence of infantile amnesia
B) effect of repression on early memory
C) importance of close early relationships
D) idea that much of human behaviour stems from unconscious processes

Question 51

Even though his parents have explained to him that it is dishonest and therefore wrong to tell lies, Zachary once again lies to his sister about where her favourite blanket is. Shortly after doing so, he feels intensely sorry for what he has done. According to Erikson's theory, Zachary appears as if he has successfully resolved which crisis?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) initiative versus guilt
D) basic trust versus mistrust

Question 52

On the topic of continuous versus discontinuous development, learning theories:

A) propose that development is continuous.
B) propose that development is discontinuous.
C) propose that development is continuous within the major stages of development.
D) do not address the issue of continuity and discontinuity.

Question 53

Which theorist claimed that he could train any child to become any kind of specialist, regardless of the characteristics of the child's ancestors?

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) Freud
D) Bandura

Question 54

Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert."

A) systematic desensitization
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) role taking

Question 55

Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of Erikson's stages?

A) initiative versus guilt
B) basic trust versus mistrust
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 56

Which statement about the contribution of psychoanalytic theories to psychology is TRUE?

A) Psychoanalytic theories have yielded important practical applications, such as the procedure of systematic desensitization.
B) The importance placed on subjective experience is now viewed as outdated.
C) The specifics have been scientifically tested and supported.
D) The emphasis on early experience has endured into current views of development.

Question 57

Long-standing contributions of psychoanalytic theories to developmental psychology do NOT include:

A) the significance of early experience.
B) the notion that a great portion of one's mental life occurs outside consciousness.
C) an emphasis on the development of identity.
D) the influence of one's sexual nature on development.

Question 58

John Watson was the founder of:

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behaviourism.
C) information-processing approaches.
D) imprinting.

Question 59

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of:

A) industry.
B) autonomy.
C) trust.
D) initiative.

Question 60

Contemporary learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development.

A) socialization
B) internal forces
C) subjective experience
D) context

Question 61

Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through:

A) imitation.
B) punishment.
C) vicarious reinforcement.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 62

Social-learning theory emphasizes the importance of _____ as a mechanism of development.

A) imitation
B) punishment
C) contexts
D) reinforcement

Question 63

Which learning theory considered the role of cognition in influencing behaviour?

A) behaviourism
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) social cognitive theory

Question 64

The behaviour modification strategy of "time out" is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement.

A) whining
B) learning
C) withdrawal
D) attention

Question 65

_____ is an example of the way in which children play an active role in their own development.

A) Reciprocal determinism
B) Behaviour modification
C) Operant conditioning
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 66

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement?

A) His parents always give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.
B) His parents always give Joshua what he wants only when he screams.
C) Sometimes his parents give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D) His parents never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 67

Bandura's theory did NOT:

A) emphasize the role of cognitive aspects of learning.
B) hold that direct reinforcement is required for learning.
C) focus on the role of observations of others.
D) acknowledge the active role children play in their own development.

Question 68

Bandura did NOT come to emphasize the role of:

A) attention.
B) memory.
C) retrieval.
D) role taking.

Question 69

Which statement is an important aspect of learning theories that differs from psychoanalytic theories?

A) Psychoanalytic theories are based on observations, whereas learning theories are not.
B) Learning theories are based on observations, whereas psychoanalytic theories are not.
C) Learning theories are based on principles derived from experiments, whereas psychoanalytic theories are not.
D) Psychoanalytic theories are based on principles derived from experiments, whereas learning theories are not.

Question 70

Bandura's "Bobo" doll study did NOT demonstrate that:

A) children can learn through imitation.
B) children's behaviour may be inconsistent with what they have learned.
C) seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behaviour.
D) reinforcement is necessary for learning.

Question 71

Which statement describes a weakness concerning the majority of learning theories?

A) They fail to consider biological influences on development and behaviour outcomes.
B) They fail to consider genetic and environmental influences on development and behaviour outcomes.
C) They fail to consider social and cultural influences on development and behaviour outcomes.
D) A major weakness of learning theories does not exist.

Question 72

Pria's friends love to gossip, and they wish Pria would gossip more than she currently does. According to operant conditioning, which scenario is likely to increase Pria's gossiping?

A) Her friends yell at her when she is not gossiping and threaten that they will not be friends with her if she does not gossip more.
B) Her friends stop talking to her altogether.
C) Her friends pay lots of attention to her when she is gossiping and walk away when she is not gossiping.
D) Her friends explain to her why they want her to gossip more and ask her to please do so.

Question 73

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which statement would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

A) Give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.
B) Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams.
C) Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D) Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 74

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals:

A) can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them.
B) are programmed to imitate others' behaviours and reactions.
C) tend to repeat behaviours that lead to favourable outcomes and stop behaviours that result in unfavourable outcomes.
D) are able to think and reason about their behaviours.

Question 75

Which statement is an example of reciprocal determinism?

A) A child becomes fearful of snakes after being bitten by one.
B) A child who tends to treat others with kindness influences her peers' behaviour, which in turn influences the child.
C) A child with poor academic self-efficacy is more likely than other children to withdraw from school work.
D) A child continues to throw temper tantrums because he gets what he wants as a result.

Question 76

Albert Bandura was a proponent of which theory?

A) psychosocial theory
B) ecological theory
C) behaviourism
D) social-learning theory

Question 77

Explicit predictions based on principles of learning theories can be

A) empirically tested.
B) clinically observed.
C) empirically observed.
D) clinically tested.

Question 78

_____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviour.

A) Social-learning
B) Ecological
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Social cognitive

Question 79

Behaviour modification is a(n):

A) way to help children overcome a hostile attributional bias.
B) approach used to help people conquer their fears.
C) form of therapy that is useful for changing undesirable behaviours.
D) treatment to cure autism.

Question 80

Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is TRUE?

A) Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults.
B) Behaviours supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish.
C) Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behaviour modification.
D) The discipline strategy of "time out" is based on intermittent reinforcement.