Deck 1: B: The Science of Child Development

Question 1

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A) psychosocial
B) psychodynamic
C) maturational
D) ethological

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

A) instinct
B) critical period
C) blank slate
D) emotional bond

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behaviour is a result of

A) maturation.
B) tabula rasa.
C) self-efficacy.
D) imprinting.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called

A) self-efficacy.
B) adapting.
C) imprinting.
D) maturation.

Question 5

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?

A) Freud's psychosexual theory
B) Bandura's social cognitive theory
C) Gesell's maturational theory
D) Erikson's psychosocial theory

Question 6

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned

A) when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished.
B) through observational learning.
C) during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour.
D) when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 7

The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of

A) Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory.
B) Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory.
C) Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory.
D) Arnold Gesell's maturational theory.

Question 8

Detailed, systematic observations of individual children are referred to as

A) blank slates.
B) baby biographies.
C) mental tests.
D) critical periods.

Question 9

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) John Locke.
D) Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 10

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

A) Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) John Locke.
D) John Watson.

Question 11

The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that

A) experience molds each person into a unique individual.
B) children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C) heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D) infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Question 12

If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to

A) leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B) be very permissive with their children.
C) assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D) plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Question 13

Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that

A) infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B) experience will mold infants into unique individuals.
C) nature is more important than nurture.
D) infants are born with a sense of morality.

Question 14

The French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that

A) the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B) infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C) experience molds each human into a unique individual.
D) parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Question 15

________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age trends in children's beliefs and feelings.

A) John Locke
B) Jean Jacques Rousseau
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Alfred Binet

Question 16

________ uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

A) Family policy
B) Applied developmental science
C) A quasi-experimental design
D) The Index of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY)

Question 17

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

A) theory.
B) critical period.
C) tabula rasa.
D) case history.

Question 18

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

A) Psychodynamic
B) Ecological
C) Maturational
D) Cognitive developmental

Question 19

Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeann's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.

A) maturational
B) psychodynamic
C) learning
D) ethological

Question 20

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

A) emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B) suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C) suggests that behaviour should be considered in context.
D) emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Question 21

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

A) his patients' case histories.
B) observations of his children.
C) correlational research studies.
D) experimental research studies.

Question 22

The id

A) wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.
B) provides a sense of morality.
C) works to resolve conflicts.
D) presses for socially acceptable actions.

Question 23

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

A) be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.
B) establish a loving relationship with another person.
C) develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
D) have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 24

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is

A) the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans.
B) determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong.
C) the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds.
D) determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

Question 25

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

A) learning is more important than maturation.
B) early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.
C) learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development.
D) children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.

Question 26

The oldest scientific perspective on child development is the ______________ perspective.

A) learning
B) social cognitive
C) ethological
D) psychodynamic

Question 27

The moral agent in a child's personality is the

A) ego.
B) superego.
C) primitive instincts.
D) id.

Question 28

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

A) realizing that he is an independent person.
B) establishing an intimate relationship with another person.
C) developing a sense of trust in the world.
D) developing a sense of his own identity.

Question 29

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A) Arnold Gesell.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 30

If an ego could talk, it might say

A) "I want to eat NOW!"
B) "Do you think that is the right and honourable way to act?"
C) "Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally."
D) "Is that what your mother would do?"

Question 31

Creating an association between a stimulus (e.g., the sound of a bell or the presence of a rat) and a naturally occurring physical response (e.g., salivation or fear) is referred to as

A) classical conditioning.
B) imprinting.
C) operant conditioning.
D) fixation.

Question 32

Erikson emphasized

A) psychological and social aspects of development.
B) biological and physical aspects of development.
C) environmental influences on development.
D) cognitive development.

Question 33

The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of

A) industry vs. inferiority.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) trust vs. mistrust.
D) identity vs. identity confusion.

Question 34

Erikson proposed that, late in life, individuals face their final psychosocial crisis:

A) industry vs. inferiority.
B) generativity vs. stagnation.
C) intimacy vs. isolation.
D) integrity vs. despair.

Question 35

In Erikson's psychosocial theory,

A) outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.
B) each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.
C) physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.
D) the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

Question 36

According to Freud, if we experience conflict during a stage of our development, this could result in ________, which means that later in life we will have a tendency to return to behaviours reminiscent of that stage.

A) generativity
B) fixation
C) latency
D) a critical period

Question 37

Erikson proposed a ________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

A) biological
B) learning
C) psychosocial
D) cognitive-developmental

Question 38

Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories?

A) maturational
B) cognitive-developmental
C) ethological
D) learning

Question 39

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

A) ego.
B) imprinting.
C) superego.
D) id.

Question 40

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) John Watson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Konrad Lorenz

Question 41

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) punishment.

Question 42

Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair. Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behaviour if

A) the boy is not very popular.
B) a teacher sends Nate to time-out.
C) the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair.
D) the boy is not very smart.

Question 43

Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her. Amanda's behaviour was shaped by

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) observational learning.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 44

Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to do. His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week. Seth's father tried to change Seth's behaviour by using

A) negative punishment.
B) positive punishment.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 45

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on

A) the resolution of psychological crises.
B) improvements in mental hardware and software.
C) children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds.
D) adaptive behaviours that are learned during critical periods.

Question 46

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of

A) observational learning.
B) punishment.
C) reinforcement.
D) genetic influences.

Question 47

Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school, she was excused from setting the table, a chore she detests. Krysia's parents were using ________ to modify her behaviour.

A) self-efficacy
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 48

Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store. Eventually, Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy. According to theories of operant conditioning, what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store?

A) Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.
B) Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
C) Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
D) Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.

Question 49

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

A) Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment.
B) Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not.
C) Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behaviour while Bandura does not.
D) Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Question 50

When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's his parents gave him one dollar for each A. Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) self-efficacy

Question 51

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behaviour that it follows is called

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) self-efficacy.
D) punishment.

Question 52

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated

A) observational learning or imitation.
B) punishment for aggressive behaviour.
C) reinforcement for sharing toys.
D) imprinting.

Question 53

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years. Sarah believed she was a good swimmer too, and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned six. Bandura would say that ________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings.

A) genetic factors
B) self-efficacy
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 54

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

A) experience.
B) personality.
C) thinking.
D) context.

Question 55

Jean Piaget is associated with ________ theory.

A) ecological
B) psychodynamic
C) learning
D) cognitive-developmental

Question 56

Beth has installed a doorbell inside her house and trained her dog to press the button when he wants to go outside. When the dog presses the doorbell, Beth rewards him by letting him outside. Which approach did Beth use to train her dog?

A) classical conditioning
B) psychosocial learning
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 57

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

A) imprinting
B) self-efficacy
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 58

Piaget believed that children

A) are passively shaped by their experiences.
B) actively try to make sense of their world.
C) learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments.
D) face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

Question 59

Your neighbour tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, "You sound just like

A) B.F. Skinner!"
B) Sigmund Freud!"
C) Urie Bronfenbrenner!"
D) Jean Piaget!"

Question 60

Nehama believes that we could totally understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviours in the past. Nehama looks at child development as a(n) ________ theorist does.

A) ecological
B) cognitive-developmental
C) psychodynamic
D) learning

Question 61

Travis insists that people are the masters of their own destinies. Travis believes in

A) the active child.
B) the passive child.
C) continuity.
D) discontinuity.

Question 62

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with

A) the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains.
B) the role that children play in influencing their own development.
C) the roles that biology and environment play in development.
D) how early development is related to later development.

Question 63

Rousseau believed that human development unfolds naturally, based on our own preset, innate tendencies, and that our childhood experiences did not greatly affect our development.

Question 64

Biology is to environment as ________ theory is to ________ theory.

A) maturational; Skinner's operant conditioning
B) psychosocial; ethological
C) Piaget's; Freud's
D) psychodynamic, Erikson's psychosocial

Question 65

Which of the following statements best represents the prevailing view among developmentalists?

A) Social development is not related to cognitive development.
B) Physical development is not related to cognitive development.
C) Social development is not related to physical development.
D) Physical, social, and cognitive development are interrelated.

Question 66

The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether

A) genes or environment are most important.
B) development in different domains is related.
C) children actively influence their own development.
D) early development is related to later development.

Question 67

Michael and Lisa are new parents and they believe that their actions will influence their new son. They don't think that their son's behaviour will influence their parenting. Michael and Lisa's views of parenting are consistent with the ________ position of the ________ issue.

A) nature; nature-nurture
B) passive; active-passive child
C) connection; connection of domains
D) continuity; continuity-discontinuity

Question 68

________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Freud
D) Vygotsky

Question 69

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

A) Erikson's theory.
B) Bandura's social cognitive theory.
C) Piaget's theory.
D) Freud's theory.

Question 70

According to Bronfenbrenner, the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment represent the

A) macrosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) mesosystem.

Question 71

According to ________ theory, development is a result of how conflicts are resolved.

A) biological
B) learning
C) cognitive-developmental
D) psychodynamic

Question 72

Ximena and Chris believe that they don't need to worry about parenting their new son, Brant, because he was born with a good nature and his good nature will determine his outcomes in life. Chris and Ximena's views of parenting are consistent with the ________ of the ________ issue.

A) nature; nature-nurture
B) passive; active-passive child
C) connection; connection of domains
D) continuity; continuity-discontinuity

Question 73

Yvonne was a busy, energetic child who grew up to be a busy, energetic adult. Yvonne provides an example of

A) the influence of nurture on development.
B) continuity in development.
C) the connectedness of different domains of development.
D) the active role of the child in development.

Question 74

Applied developmental science uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

Question 75

Who was 'correct' about child development? Locke (child as blank slate) or Rousseau (development unfolding naturally)?

A) Locke was correct. Experiences are crucial to a child's development.
B) They were both correct. Experiences are crucial but a child's temperament change what experiences he or she has access to.
C) Rousseau was correct. The child's unique characteristics are crucial to a child's development.
D) Neither were correct. Development is discontinuous.

Question 76

The idea of continuity in development

A) is consistent with the view that behaviour during the preschool years is not related to behaviour during later childhood.
B) means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains.
C) is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development.
D) means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.

Question 77

Piaget stated that children's theories about the world

A) remain the same until adulthood.
B) undergo three major changes during development.
C) are never tested by the children.
D) are based on what adults tell them.

Question 78

Jackie feels that superior genes are the primary reason her daughter Jacqueline is intellectually gifted. Jackie believes in the importance of

A) the active child.
B) continuity.
C) nature.
D) the connection of domains.

Question 79

Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D) concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

Question 80

Based on her experience in rearing five children, Elaine believes that personality influences the rate of physical-motor development. Elaine appears to take the view that

A) development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment.
B) early development is related to later development.
C) development in different domains is connected.
D) children are at the mercy of the environment.