Deck 8: Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

Question 1

The most developmentally sound approach to comforting a distressed baby is to

A)ignore the baby if possible.
B)let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding.
C)prevent distress,so there will be less need for soothing.
D)respond immediately each time the infant cries.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The best way to respond to an infant who is crying is to

A)ignore the cries to avoid spoiling the baby.
B)let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding.
C)respond regularly with tender,soothing care.
D)respond immediately each time the infant cries.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Connor,a 3-week-old infant,is crying.His cry began suddenly,is very loud,and was not preceded by moaning.According to Wolff,Conner is exhibiting a(n)

A)angry cry.
B)cry of pain.
C)hunger cry.
D)cry of anxiety.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following emotions is NOT yet present in an 8-month-old infant?

A)Anger
B)Shame
C)Sadness
D)Disgust

Question 5

Infants generally begin to laugh out loud at about the _____ month of life.

A)first
B)second
C)fourth
D)sixth

Question 6

Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet.Suddenly,she utters a loud,piercing cry and holds her breath.She is probably

A)hungry.
B)angry.
C)in pain.
D)frustrated.

Question 7

Margo and her husband Frank love watching little Tina smile when they come into the room.Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is correct?

A)Smiles appear soon after birth,generally when the infant is wide awake.
B)The "social smile" is seen by 1 week of age.
C)Smiles become social at around 8 months of age.
D)During the second month of life,infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

Question 8

Emotions are _____ reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

A)operantly conditioned
B)genetically dictated
C)set
D)subjective

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the foundations of psychosocial development?

A)Early human interactions
B)Temperament
C)Thought
D)Fine motor skills

Question 10

Soon after birth,an infant can show all the following emotions EXCEPT

A)contentment.
B)anger.
C)interest.
D)distress.

Question 11

The earliest smile,a reflex smile,appears

A)shortly after birth.
B)when a baby is about 2 weeks old.
C)when a baby is about 4 weeks old.
D)when a baby is about 6 weeks old.

Question 12

Kendrick has been awake in his crib for a long time.He produces two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding.He is probably

A)hungry.
B)frustrated.
C)angry.
D)in pain.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about infants and emotions is FALSE?

A)Infants cannot express emotions for about the first month.
B)Infants show facial expressions that are similar to adults'.
C)One of the earliest emotional expressions shown by infants is unhappiness.
D)Infants and adults both share the same basic emotions.

Question 14

Infants' cognitive understanding that they are functioning beings,separate from the rest of their world,is referred to as

A)self-recognition.
B)self-awareness.
C)self-conceptualization.
D)self-evaluation.

Question 15

Self-awareness usually emerges by about ___ months.

A)6
B)9
C)12
D)18

Question 16

Emotions such as empathy and envy

A)are often present at birth.
B)are not present until age 3.
C)develop soon after the primary emotions.
D)are related to the development of self-awareness.

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding infant emotions is FALSE?

A)When babies want or need something,they cry.
B)When babies feel sociable,they smile.
C)At first,crying signifies physical discomfort;later,it signals psychological distress.
D)Babies display their first social smile within minutes of birth.

Question 18

Sometimes laughter helps babies discharge tension,such as

A)sadness.
B)fear.
C)anger.
D)disgust.

Question 19

The Powers are new parents who want to do everything just right.In reading up on ways to limit the distress in their new baby's life,they are likely to encounter which of the following statements about infants' emotions?

A)It is easy to tell when newborns are happy.
B)Normal,healthy newborns use facial expressions rather than crying to communicate their needs.
C)Researchers agree that a baby's facial expressions indicate the feelings that the baby experiences.
D)The meaning of infants' emotional signals remains constant over the first two years of life.

Question 20

Smiling is an important social behavior in infants because it

A)is one of the ways that babies can encourage adults to respond to them.
B)paves the way for the development of an emotional vocabulary.
C)relieves the infant's distress more effectively than crying does.
D)signifies happiness as early as the first week of life.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a self-evaluative emotion?

A)Love
B)Pride
C)Shame
D)Guilt

Question 22

Which of the following statements about temperament is correct?

A)Temperament appears to be largely determined by a person's biological makeup.
B)Temperament is learned.
C)Temperament,once set,rarely changes.
D)Second-born children are likely to have easier temperaments than firstborns.

Question 23

Baby Ellen is suspicious of strangers,has frequent tantrums,has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping,and laughs and cries loudly.Ellen's temperament can be classified as

A)easy.
B)hyperactive.
C)difficult.
D)slow-to-warm-up.

Question 24

Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable.He adapts easily,is pleasant,and responds well to change.Which kind of temperament does he have?

A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Slow-to-warm-up
D)Placid

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT used as an indicator of temperament according to the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire?

A)Eating habits
B)Activity level
C)Fear and frustration
D)Positive emotion

Question 26

Baby Benjamin sleeps and eats irregularly,adjusts slowly to new routines,and is suspicious of strangers.Which of the temperamental patterns described by Thomas and Chess does Benjamin fit?

A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Low reactive
D)Mixed

Question 27

When they develop _____,children can evaluate their own thoughts,plans,and desires according to what is considered socially appropriate.

A)self-recognition
B)self-awareness
C)self-conceptualization
D)self-evaluation

Question 28

The emergence of evaluative emotions takes place around the age of _____.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between brain development and emotional development is FALSE?

A)In the first three months,the cerebral cortex becomes functional,and cognitive perceptions come into play.
B)Around 9 or 10 months,the connections between the frontal cortex and the limbic system may facilitate the relationship between cognition and emotion.
C)In the second year,infants develop self-awareness and self-conscious emotions and a greater capacity for self-regulation.
D)In the third year,maturation of the sympathetic system provides the mechanisms to control the parasympathetic system,which prepares the body for action.

Question 30

Marcus started crying because his friend Timothy was crying.This is a sign that he is developing empathy.Empathy depends on

A)self-consciousness.
B)self-awareness.
C)social cognition.
D)self-evaluation.

Question 31

Temperament is

A)an innate,nonlinguistic form of communication.
B)another term for self-awareness.
C)the learning of behaviors deemed appropriate by one's culture.
D)one's style of approaching people and situations.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the temperament categories identified in the New York Longitudinal Study is correct?

A)Approximately 90% of the children in the study sample fell into one of three categories.
B)Nearly 40% of the children in the sample fell into the difficult category.
C)Roughly 35% of the children in the sample did not fit neatly into any of the three categories.
D)Situational variation in the nine components of temperament is unusual.

Question 33

Mrs.Pilky's newborn son Danny is quiet,adjusts only gradually to new situations,and has moderately predictable biological cycles.Which kind of temperament does he have?

A)Easy
B)Slow-to-warm-up
C)Timid
D)Difficult

Question 34

Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses,both positive and negative.She shows a distinct dislike for new situations,but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things.Thomas and Chess would classify Lucy as a(n)_____ child.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)difficult
C)easy
D)ambivalent

Question 35

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,40% of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as

A)difficult.
B)slow-to-warm-up.
C)easy.
D)mixed.

Question 36

"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with children's behavior problems by

A)trying to change their child's temperament to match their own.
B)letting their child's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns.
C)helping a difficult child fit into the environment.
D)helping their child make some adaptions but essentially accepting their child's temperament.

Question 37

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,all the following are components of temperament EXCEPT

A)adaptability.
B)attention span.
C)level of aggression.
D)distractibility.

Question 38

Ratings of infants' temperament are

A)typically based on objective observations in laboratory settings.
B)often based on parental ratings.
C)unaffected by mothers' psychological characteristics.
D)predictive of later behavior only when the initial ratings are positive.

Question 39

Baby Elise is irritable,does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping,and has intense reactions to what goes on in her environment.Elise's temperament can be characterized as

A)easy.
B)difficult.
C)slow-to-warm-up.
D)mixed.

Question 40

The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that

A)all children fit into a clear temperamental category.
B)about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern.
C)children are evenly distributed among the basic temperamental categories.
D)the largest temperamental group was slow-to-warm-up.

Question 41

Peter,age 1,rarely cries when his mother leaves him with a babysitter.When his mother returns,he seems angry and refuses to let her hold him.Peter's pattern of attachment would best be classified as

A)ambivalent.
B)avoidant.
C)disorganized-disoriented.
D)secure.

Question 42

_____ devised the laboratory technique known as the "Strange Situation," which is commonly used to study attachment in children.

A)John Bowlby
B)Harry and Margaret Harlow
C)Mary Ainsworth
D)Stella Chess

Question 43

Studies of behavioral inhibition suggest that this aspect of temperament

A)is largely the result of a child's prenatal experience.
B)cannot be evaluated until around 6 months of age.
C)is associated with certain biological characteristics.
D)emerges toward the end of the third year.

Question 44

Erikson's first psycho-social challenge is

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)basic trust versus basic mistrust.
D)generativity versus stagnation.

Question 45

The establishment of basic sense of trust versus mistrust in a child's personality occurs between _____ of age.

A)birth and 3 months
B)1 and 6 months
C)birth and 18 months
D)1 and 2 years

Question 46

Which of the following children is probably NOT experiencing a problem of "fit" between temperament and environment?

A)Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child.He lives in a small apartment with his older parents.
B)Brian likes to sit quietly and play alone.He spends most days with ten other children at a day care center.
C)Carolyn enjoys trying out musical instruments and experimenting with arts and crafts materials.Her mother likes the house to be quiet and neat.
D)Debby is hesitant and quiet.Her father pushes her to experience new situations.

Question 47

According to Erikson,a child who develops a sense basic trust will have the characteristic of

A)hope.
B)caring.
C)intimacy.
D)love.

Question 48

Dr.Lakivani is doing research on childhood attachment using Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," whereby a baby is observed in a room with

A)the mother and a stranger in different combinations.
B)only a stranger.
C)only the mother.
D)the father and the mother.

Question 49

Beth readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings,occasionally looking toward or touching her mother.Beth appears to be

A)securely attached.
B)disorganized-disoriented.
C)ambivalent.
D)avoidant.

Question 50

The best synonym for Kagan's "inhibition to the unfamiliar" is

A)fear.
B)resentment.
C)shyness.
D)laziness.

Question 51

During the "Strange Situation," Tony rarely cries when his mother leaves and is not eager to greet her when she returns.He appears to be

A)securely attached.
B)disorganized-disoriented.
C)ambivalent.
D)avoidant.

Question 52

Kora did not learn sufficient trust during the first stage of development.In her adult years,one might expect her to display

A)excessive anger.
B)a lack of self-regulation.
C)difficulty forming close relationships.
D)a tendency toward negativism.

Question 53

The development of basic sense of trust versus mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with

A)strangers encountered during infancy.
B)the child's immediate social circle.
C)the physical environment.
D)other infants.

Question 54

Two-year-old Hanna believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires.According to Erikson,Hanna has successfully resolved the challenge of

A)basic trust versus basic mistrust.
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)generativity versus guilt.

Question 55

Pedro is quiet and extremely shy,often requiring a great deal of time to warm up to new people.Pedro's temperament

A)might be substantially modified by environmental factors.
B)cannot be modified.
C)is strongly affected by birth order.
D)is not affected by cultural differences.

Question 56

Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal,enduring emotional tie.This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called

A)bonding.
B)trust.
C)attachment.
D)goodness of fit.

Question 57

Jessica's parents work hard to make sure that she has everything that she needs to be healthy and happy.They consistently work to give her quality care and love.From Erikson's perspective,she will resolve her first crisis in favor of

A)mistrust.
B)trust.
C)autonomy.
D)industry.

Question 58

During Erikson's basic sense of trust versus mistrust stage,children

A)determine whether or not the world can be relied on.
B)strive for independence.
C)object to their mothers leaving the room.
D)are often filled with doubt.

Question 59

Roberto and his mother are at the house of a cousin whom they rarely visit.Roberto stays with his mother when they first arrive but then begins to explore his new surroundings and discovers a playroom.Even though he appears to be comfortable,he still checks back with his mother periodically and then returns to his play.What type of attachment is Roberto demonstrating?

A)Ambivalant
B)Avoidant
C)Disorganized-disoriented
D)Secure

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a pattern of attachment during infancy identified by Ainsworth?

A)Ambivalence
B)Autonomy
C)Avoidance
D)Security

Question 61

Around 8 or 9 months,babies often show discomfort and wariness around individuals they do not see on a regular basis.This behavior is called

A)separation anxiety.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)disorganised attachment.
D)imprinting.

Question 62

Which of the following is a preferred way to measure attachment between a mother and a baby?

A)The strength of separation anxiety when the mother leaves
B)The strength of stranger anxiety in the absence of the mother
C)The reaction of the baby when the mother returns
D)The strength of the baby's reaction when she is taken from the mother

Question 63

A baby's reaction to a stranger is LEAST likely to be influenced by the baby's

A)memory for faces.
B)recollection of previous situations in which he has been left with strangers.
C)temperament.
D)gender.

Question 64

Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully.She also seems afraid much of the time.Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is

A)securely attached.
B)disorganized-disoriented.
C)ambivalent.
D)avoidant.

Question 65

___________ attachment is the least secure pattern.

A)Disorganized-disoriented
B)Passive-aggressive
C)Avoidant
D)Ambivalent

Question 66

Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of the "Strange Situation" technique?

A)It asks mothers to refrain from initiating interaction with their babies.
B)It provides a measure of mother-infant interaction in nonstressful situations,but it sheds little light on how well mothers and infants function under stress.
C)It may be especially inappropriate for children of employed mothers who are used to routine separations from their mothers and the presence of other caregivers.
D)It may not be valid in all cultures.

Question 67

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth,attachment forms primarily as a result of

A)the total time spent with the mother.
B)consistency of responsiveness by the mother.
C)the mother speaking frequently to the child.
D)the mother's socioeconomic level.

Question 68

When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out,Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave.Tommy is demonstrating

A)imprinting.
B)separation anxiety.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)anxious attachment.

Question 69

Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation." When she returns,he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up.Daniel appears to be

A)securely attached.
B)disorganized-disoriented.
C)ambivalent.
D)avoidant.

Question 70

A 9-month-old infant who cries when her mother leaves is exhibiting

A)separation anxiety.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)anxious attachment.
D)overdependence.

Question 71

A recent cross-cultural study of attachment in China,Colombia,Germany,Israel,Japan,Norway,and the United States found that

A)the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal,although it may take somewhat varied forms.
B)children in some countries used their mother as a secure base,but others avoided her.
C)ratings across cultures were more similar than ratings within cultures.
D)mothers' preferences for "ideal" attachment behavior varied greatly.

Question 72

Sandra is going through a list of descriptive statements such as "likes to be held" and "cries a lot." She classifies the statements from most to least descriptive of her child.Sandra is completing the

A)Strange Situation.
B)Temperament Sorter.
C)Attachment Q-set.
D)Bayley Scales.

Question 73

Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment relationship?

A)In the first few months,infants can influence attachment only in the breast-feeding situation.
B)Infants' attachment behaviors in the first few months are limited to a few expressions of emotion,such as smiling and crying.
C)Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior.
D)Until they can communicate through a variety of sounds and gestures,infants are passive recipients of adults' initiatives and cannot directly influence attachment.

Question 74

The Parkers have an 8-month-old infant,Tara,who cries when she first meets her mother's cousin.Tara is exhibiting

A)anxious attachment.
B)mistrust.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)separation anxiety.

Question 75

Which of the following research tools measures attachment by asking raters to sort descriptive words or phrases into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child?

A)Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B)Attachment Q-set (AQS)
C)Dyadic Quality Measure (DQM)
D)Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA)

Question 76

According to attachment theory,

A)early caregiving has a negligible influence on the development of attachment.
B)babies build a "working model" based on their interactions with caregivers.
C)attachment patterns cannot be changed after the age of 12 months.
D)a baby's attachment is distinct from Erikson's concept of trust.

Question 77

Infants who show wariness of unfamiliar people from about age 6 months to 1 year are

A)anxiously attached.
B)demonstrating stranger anxiety.
C)demonstrating basic mistrust.
D)using social referencing.

Question 78

Leah cries every time her mother leaves the house.Leah's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves is called

A)attachment.
B)separation anxiety.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)basic mistrust.

Question 79

The more secure a child's attachment to a nurturing adult,the

A)more dependent the child will be.
B)more anxious the child will be.
C)less interest the child will have in exploring his surroundings.
D)more engaged she is when exploring her surroundings.

Question 80

Securely attached infants,when studied between ages 3 and 5,tend to be _____ than insecurely attached infants.

A)more dependent
B)less cooperative
C)more curious
D)less persistent