Deck 3: Ethical Considerations and Guidelines

Question 1

The deliberate misleading of research participants is called __________ deception.

A) active
B) justified
C) passive
D) unethical

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Research participants in Dr. Lane's study are confident that she will maintain the confidentiality of their research disclosures. Which ethical principle is Dr. Lane upholding?

A) respect for persons and their autonomy
B) trust
C) beneficence and nonmaleficence
D) justice

Answer 2

B

Question 3

By signing an informed consent form, an individual has indicated that he or she is willing to __________ the research study.

A) provide accurate data for
B) not disclose the hypotheses of
C) recruit participants for
D) participate in

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An informed consent form typically contains a description of all but one of the following:

A) the nature of the study
B) any potential risk or inconvenience to the participant
C) the procedure for ensuring the confidentiality of the data
D) the debriefing procedure

Question 5

Which of the following research practices is based on the ethical principle of respect for persons and their autonomy?

A) informed consent
B) debriefing
C) assurance of confidentiality
D) minimal use of deception

Question 6

Institutional Review Boards are important for complying with which ethical principle?

A) fidelity and scientific integrity
B) justice
C) respect for persons and their autonomy
D) beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 7

Examples of when an informed consent form may not be possible or necessary include all but which of the following?

A) archival studies that use public records
B) studies of young children
C) risk-free experiments in which instituting informed consent would be counterproductive
D) use of census data

Question 8

Researchers generally submit their planned research proposals to __________ to evaluate the costs (or risks) as well as the benefits of the proposed study.

A) an institutional review board
B) the departmental chair
C) a colleague from another department
D) the institution's administration

Question 9

Nicole informs research participants that they had either performed well or performed poorly on a simple cognitive test regardless of the participants' actual performance on the test. Nicole is employing the use of __________ deception in her study.

A) justified
B) permissive
C) active
D) passive

Question 10

The use of a control group in a treatment effectiveness study can raise ethical concerns based on which principle?

A) trust
B) justice
C) beneficence and nonmaleficence
D) fidelity and scientific integrity

Question 11

One limitation to how institutional review boards evaluate research proposals is that they may focus mainly on the costs and benefits of __________ research while overlooking the costs of __________ research.

A) practical; theoretical
B) doing; not doing
C) worthy; unworthy
D) useless; useful

Question 12

While developing a research proposal, Dr. Smith is debating whether he is justified in deliberately misleading research participants as part of his empirical strategy. Dr. Smith is concerned with the __________ of his research approach.

A) validity
B) morality
C) adequacy
D) reliability

Question 13

The deliberate withholding of information to research participants is called __________ deception.

A) justified
B) permissive
C) active
D) passive

Question 14

Sometimes informed consent of research participants is not necessary because it would be __________ for the researcher to obtain.

A) inconvenient
B) laborious
C) impossible
D) frivolous

Question 15

To help participants respond in a more open and honest manner to a survey, the researcher should describe the procedures he will use to ensure the __________ of the participants' responses.

A) reliability
B) utility
C) validity
D) confidentiality

Question 16

The desire to maximize the benefits of one's study is central to which ethical principle?

A) Trust
B) Nonmaleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Justice

Question 17

The ethical principle of justice involves

A) the use of deception.
B) invasions of privacy.
C) violations of confidentiality.
D) issues of fair-mindedness.

Question 18

Milgram's experiments are considered controversial because of his use of

A) deception.
B) confederates.
C) electric shock.
D) authority figures.

Question 19

A researcher knowingly and willingly falsifies his data in order to improve the likelihood that his study will be published in a professional journal. Which ethical principle does this violate?

A) trust
B) justice
C) fidelity and scientific integrity
D) beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 20

According to the principle of respect for persons and their autonomy, all individuals have the right to __________ a research study.

A) choose whether or not to participate in
B) recruit other participants for
C) become a collaborator on
D) help collect data for

Question 21

The problem with being completely open and honest to research participants is that

A) such honesty may influence the participants' behavior.
B) it makes the experimenter look foolish.
C) it raises criticisms from the scientific community.
D) it violates several ethical principles.

Question 22

How can a researcher satisfy the ethical principle of respect for persons and their autonomy?

Question 23

Why should a researcher consider not only the ethical issues involved with conducting a study but also the ethical issues involved with not conducting that study?

Question 24

Why do ethical considerations play an important role in the research process?

Question 25

Which of the following should a researcher NEVER do when debriefing?

A) Eliminate possible feelings of gullibility in the participants.
B) Emphasize the role of participants as "co-investigators" in the research venture.
C) Use double deception as part of the research design.
D) Provide an explanation for the necessity for the use of deception.

Question 26

Revealing the true nature of the research study as well as the necessity for the use of deception is part of a procedure known as

A) elaboration.
B) debriefing.
C) a cost-benefits analysis.
D) ethical evaluation.

Question 27

Describe how an institutional review board ideally should evaluate a research proposal that has been submitted for ethical approval.

Question 28

If a researcher wants to employ the use of deception, the researcher must __________ participants upon completion of the study.

A) pay
B) debrief
C) console
D) reassure

Question 29

Why is it necessary to debrief research participants? How should this debriefing be conducted when the use of deception has occurred?

Question 30

The rationale for using animals in research is based on the assumption that

A) the ethical requirements are more lenient for research involving animals as compared to humans.
B) human participant research is more expensive than animal research.
C) research involving animals produces more valid results than research involving humans.
D) there are biological continuities between humans and animals.

Question 31

Dan deliberately does not tell his friends that a rumor is unfounded so that he may observe their reactions to the rumor. Dan is utilizing __________ deception in order to study how people react to rumors.

A) justified
B) active
C) unfair
D) passive

Question 32

Differentiate between beneficence and nonmaleficence. Why are both important considerations in the research process?

Question 33

Why is deception sometimes employed in research involving humans? Describe the two ways that a researcher may deceive research participants.

Question 34

Issues of plagiarism are relevant to which ethical principle?

A) trust
B) fidelity and scientific integrity
C) beneficence and nonmaleficence
D) justice