Deck 5: Perception, Decision Making, and Problem Solving

Question 1

Research has shown that people make judgments about others in as little as ______.

A) 10 minutes
B) 1/10 of one second
C) 1 minute
D) 30 seconds

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to a recent survey what percentage of time do people with incomes below $20,000 per year spend in a bad mood?

A) 72%
B) 52%
C) 32%
D) 12%

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to a recent survey what percentage of time do people with incomes above $100,000 per year spend in a bad mood?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is defined as flaws in perception due to mental shortcuts?

A) attribution
B) judgment bias
C) perceptual errors
D) hindsight bias

Question 5

Shelly is aware of a phenomenon known as the recency effect. How can she use this to her advantage in a job interview?

A) She can focus on making a good first impression.
B) She can remember the middle of the interview is just as memorable as the first and last actions.
C) She can end on a positive note by showing interviewer she appreciates his or her time.
D) The recency effect does not apply to job interview situations.

Question 6

Which of the following is a reason why perceptual errors matter in the workplace?

A) They affect interpretations of leaders' and coworkers' behavior.
B) They are unable to be changed.
C) Perceptual errors affect how job applicants craft their responses to interview questions.
D) They affect employee absenteeism.

Question 7

Garrett is a leader in his office and he wants to know more about perceptions in the workplace. He should understand that ______.

A) leaders need to know about perceptual errors and guard against them
B) perceptual errors are likely not to affect anything at work
C) leaders cannot change individuals' perceptions
D) perception does not influence how individuals interpret actions at work

Question 8

Ruth believes the statement "You never get a second chance to make a good first impression." Ruth may be subject to which perceptual bias?

A) hindsight bias
B) primacy effect
C) belief updating
D) stereotype

Question 9

Which of the following is defined as the perseverance of beliefs based upon what is observed first?

A) recency effect
B) primacy effect
C) fundamental attribution error
D) belief updating

Question 10

Another term for "belief perseverance" is ______.

A) belief updating
B) rehearsal
C) primacy effect
D) imaging

Question 11

Perceptions are ______.

A) static
B) always accurate
C) unimportant
D) subject to change

Question 12

Order-effects research confirms that information presented early in a sequence affects judgments made later. This may be due to ______.

A) belief updating
B) fatigue
C) narrow focus
D) confirming a first impression

Question 13

Classic experimental research in psychology has demonstrated that ______ affects problem solving and the persistence of stereotypes.

A) diversity
B) in-group bias
C) primacy effect
D) halo effect

Question 14

Research of _____ confirms that information presented early in a sequence affects judgments made later.

A) hindsight bias
B) order-effects
C) belief updating
D) stereotype

Question 15

Which of the following can be defined as the tendency to overestimate the effect of a single factor on one's life satisfaction?

A) planning fallacy
B) Pygmalion effect
C) horns effect
D) focusing illusion

Question 16

Perception plays a large role in ______.

A) how people view their work
B) honesty
C) truth
D) permanent state of mind

Question 17

The primacy effect is said to persist due to ______, where initial information affects the conclusion one draws, and this conclusion then impacts later judgments.

A) stereotypes
B) recency effect
C) belief perseverance
D) belief updating

Question 18

Tom has been told that he succumbs to the primacy effect at times. In order to offset this perceptual bias when making a decision, Tom needs to ______.

A) imagine that his decision is wrong
B) be willing to stand firm in his beliefs
C) avoid additional information that may contradict first impressions
D) be careful to process all available information

Question 19

Which of the following occurs when people remember the most recently presented items of experiences?

A) primacy effect
B) availability bias
C) attribution errors
D) recency effect

Question 20

What is defined as the process through which people organize and interpret sensory information to give meaning to their world?

A) perception
B) attitude
C) attribution
D) judgment

Question 21

Which of the following occurs when the rater's overall positive impression or evaluation strongly influences the rating of specific attributes?

A) horns effect
B) contrast effect
C) halo effect
D) self-serving bias

Question 22

Julie has been told that she often is guilty of committing the recency effect. She can overcome this by ______.

A) practicing
B) reflecting
C) imaging
D) community service

Question 23

Generally, people are able to come up with more English words that begin with the letter r than come up with words that have r as the third letter, even though there are more words with the letter r as the third letter than as the first letter. This phenomenon is known as the ______.

A) availability bias
B) translation effect
C) recency effect
D) contrast effect

Question 24

Which of the following occurs when people are asked to generate their own explanations of factual statements presented to them?

A) imaginative interrogation
B) restrictive interrogation
C) elaborative interrogation
D) biased interrogation

Question 25

Hiring managers can overcome the contrast effect when interviewing job candidates by adhering to the following suggestion: ______.

A) implement the contrast effect
B) undergo training to enhance biases
C) compare the current interviewee with the person who was just interviewed
D) use a structured interview

Question 26

Which of the following occurs when the rater's overall negative impression or evaluation strongly influences the rating of specific attributes?

A) halo effect
B) horns effect
C) contrast effect
D) recency effect

Question 27

Simone has been told that she falls prey to the availability bias in her decision-making. She can guard against making this mistake by ______.

A) making the things that are desired for decision making vivid and very easy to bring to mind
B) concentrating on things that are readily available in her memory
C) trying to maximize the things that she wants to influence her decision
D) increasing the amount of confirming information

Question 28

Wearing a fraternity or sorority pin to an interview may invoke a positive impression if the interviewer is a member who assumes membership in that organization translates to high performance. This is an example of ______.

A) horns effect
B) contrast effect
C) halo effect
D) self-serving bias

Question 29

John is familiar with a perceptual error known as the recency effect. How might John incorporate this knowledge into his performance evaluation with his boss?

A) He can start strong in the early part of the review period and then let his performance diminish as the evaluation comes nearer.
B) He can focus on performing well in the time just prior to the performance evaluation as that is what his boss is most likely to remember.
C) The recency effect would not apply to performance evaluations.
D) He can maintain average performance throughout and be seen as a steady worker.

Question 30

Which of the following is defined as an evaluation of a characteristic of an object or person affected by comparisons with other objects or people ranking higher or lower on the characteristic?

A) elaborative interrogation
B) recency effect
C) contrast effect
D) comparison effect

Question 31

Which of the following is defined as the repetition of information?

A) rehearsal
B) coding
C) imaging
D) availability bias

Question 32

Which of the following is defined as verbal information linked to visual images?

A) rehearsal
B) coding
C) imaging
D) availability bias

Question 33

Monica is completing performance evaluations for her employees. She is set to evaluate Tom's performance. He has performed average throughout the evaluation period. All of the employees she has evaluated today were poor performers. Under the contrast effect, Monica is likely to evaluate Tom's performance as ______.

A) very poor
B) very high
C) average
D) poor

Question 34

Cheryl is completing performance evaluations for her employees. She is set to evaluate Ray's performance. Ray has performed very high throughout the evaluation period. All of the employees she has evaluated today were very high performers. Under the contrast effect, Cheryl is likely to evaluate Ray's performance as ______.

A) poor
B) very high
C) average
D) very poor

Question 35

Which of the following examples highlight the contrast effect when a leader provides a performance evaluation for a subordinate?

A) Comparing the employee with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on similar characteristics.
B) Comparing the employee's most recent performance with overall expectations of performance.
C) Comparing the employee's performance with leader expectations for what the job role requires.
D) Comparing the employee's performance with his or her performance from the last evaluation period

Question 36

Elaborative interrogation ______.

A) increases students' willingness to hold onto preconceived notions
B) decreases students' willingness to learn material that challenges their beliefs
C) is something to avoid
D) increases the willingness to let go of preconceived notions and learn material that challenges beliefs

Question 37

Which of the following is defined by linking the information you need to remember to something familiar and easily retrievable?

A) rehearsal
B) coding
C) imaging
D) availability bias

Question 38

Renee has been told that creating an acronym of a list of items might help her remember the items more easily (such as OCEAN for the Big 5 personality traits). This memory improvement technique is referred to as ______.

A) rehearsal
B) imaging
C) coding
D) performing

Question 39

Which of the following is defined by readily available information that comes to a person's mind when making a decision?

A) imaging
B) availability bias
C) coding
D) rehearsal

Question 40

The Ebbinghaus illusion as an example of a ______.

A) recency effect
B) perceptual contrast effect
C) attribution effect
D) primacy effect

Question 41

Sylvester typically makes decisions that are automatic and effortless, sometimes involuntarily. Which of the following is the type of decision-making Sylvester is exhibiting?

A) rational decision-making
B) satisficing
C) System 2 Thinking
D) System 1 Thinking

Question 42

Lenore is face with a dilemma in the workplace. She plans to follow the rational decision-making model to resolve this issue. Which of the following is the first step she should take?

A) gather information
B) identify the problem
C) generate alternatives
D) develop action plans

Question 43

Which of the following describes a "black swan"?

A) highly likely and consequential event
B) highly unlikely but consequential event
C) highly unlikely and inconsequential event
D) something difficult to explain in retrospect

Question 44

Prospect theory explains ______.

A) why individuals always make rational decisions
B) why individuals sometimes make irrational decisions
C) people put more emphasis on losses than gains
D) the rational decision-making model

Question 45

The final step in the rational decision-making model is ______.

A) make decision
B) evaluate alternatives
C) develop action plans
D) identify the problem

Question 46

Which of the following from the book Thinking Fast and Slow describes System 1 Thinking?

A) complex thinking that demands mental effort, including complex calculations
B) rational decision-making
C) automatic and effortless decision making that is often involuntary
D) satisficing

Question 47

Which of the following is defined as an attribution employers make about the probability that job candidates will make positive contributions to their organizations?

A) stereotype
B) employability
C) self-serving bias
D) recency effect

Question 48

According to Mintzberg's classic analysis, which of the following decisional roles is most central to the nature of managerial work?

A) relationship-building
B) communication
C) training
D) decision-making

Question 49

Austin has trouble remembering peoples' names, even after just meeting them. He should try ______.

A) to just forget about learning them
B) to ask about their name
C) to come up with a nickname
D) to use the nickname frequently out loud

Question 50

Which of the following is defined as whether questions are presented as gains or losses?

A) framing
B) satisficing
C) bounded rationality
D) maximizing

Question 51

Which of the following characterizes decision-making for leaders?

A) Decision-making is an innate skill and cannot be improved with training.
B) Decisions are often made under pressure and with incomplete information.
C) Decision-making is relatively unimportant to overall organizational effectiveness.
D) Decisions are always straightforward and lack complexity.

Question 52

Andre has been accused of exhibiting too much political behavior at work in the past. According to the text, what is one way he can reduce this perception of his political behavior?

A) focus on developing his own power in an organization
B) get others to do what he wants
C) make more effective decisions
D) expand his knowledge of the political network in his organization.

Question 53

Which of the following is a perspective that highlights the importance of uncertainty and risk to the decision-making process?

A) rational decision-making model
B) bounded rationality
C) prospect theory
D) satisficing

Question 54

According to the text, which of the following can affect a hiring manager's perception of the employability of a job candidate?

A) demographic details
B) commuting distance
C) age
D) ambition, work ethic, drive

Question 55

Which of the following from the book Thinking Fast and Slow describes System 2 Thinking?

A) automatic and effortless decision-making that is often involuntary
B) rational decision-making
C) complex thinking that demands mental effort, including complex calculations
D) satisficing

Question 56

A person who cannot prioritize activities in order of importance demonstrates ______.

A) rational decision-making
B) decisiveness
C) indecisiveness
D) bounded rationality

Question 57

Which of the following is described as when decision makers have limits on their ability to assimilate large amounts of information?

A) rational decision-making
B) constrained rationality
C) hyper rationality
D) bounded rationality

Question 58

Tamra is getting ready to graduate with a management degree from her university. She is having difficulties deciding what path she should take with the work she will do after graduating. The issue Tamra facing is ______.

A) career placement
B) career indecision
C) career training
D) career decisiveness

Question 59

Satisficing is ______.

A) making decisions that are satisfying
B) making the most optimal decision possible
C) making a decision that is satisfactory but perhaps not optimal
D) making an unsatisfactory decision

Question 60

Managers who collect information and use analytical techniques make decisions that are ______.

A) based on gut instinct
B) quick and easy
C) less effective and profitable
D) more effective and profitable

Question 61

Which of the following describes the process for making decisions with little apparent effort and typically without conscious awareness?

A) rational decision-making
B) System 2 Thinking
C) prospect theory
D) intuition

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of intuition in decision-making?

A) follows a conscious process
B) results in longer time to make decisions
C) results in affectively charged judgments
D) has no place in organizational decisions

Question 63

Which of the following is when individuals continue a failing course of action after receiving feedback that shows it isn't working?

A) overconfidence bias
B) sunk costs fallacy
C) escalation of commitment
D) hindsight bias

Question 64

Which of the following ethical philosophies is characterized by the consideration of decisions that do the most good for the most people?

A) justice
B) individual rights
C) bounded ethicality
D) utilitarianism

Question 65

Stella typically makes decisions with complex thinking that demands mental effort, including complex calculation. Which of the following is the type of decision-making Stella is exhibiting?

A) rational decision-making
B) System 2 Thinking
C) System 1 Thinking
D) satisficing

Question 66

Which of the following is defined as production of a novel and appropriate response, product, or solution to an open-ended task?

A) creativity
B) satisficing
C) rigidity
D) flow

Question 67

Which of the following occurs when a person has already invested in a course of action, and does not recognize what they invested initially is gone?

A) sunk costs fallacy
B) satisficing
C) hindsight bias
D) overconfidence bias

Question 68

Which of the following is defined as inflated assurance in how accurate a person's knowledge or estimates are?

A) hindsight bias
B) escalation of commitment
C) overconfidence bias
D) I-knew-it-all-along effect

Question 69

Which of the following is defined as the tendency for individuals with outcome knowledge to claim they would have estimated a probability of occurrence for the reported outcome that is higher than they would have estimated without the outcome information?

A) hindsight bias
B) foresight bias
C) overconfidence bias
D) escalation of commitment

Question 70

Which of the following is an unconscious psychological process that hinders the quality of decision-making?

A) individual rights
B) justice
C) bounded ethicality
D) utilitarianism

Question 71

Terry was told that as a leader he should be prepared to face "wicked organizational problems." He should know that these types of problems are described as ______.

A) simple, straightforward
B) complex, dynamic, and constrained
C) highly certain
D) limitless for application of analysis or heuristics

Question 72

Christine recently read Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking by Malcolm Gladwell and she is trying to explain the concept of "thin-slicing" to her colleagues. Which of the following statements could she use to best describe the concept of "thin-slicing"?

A) The unconscious mind makes decisions based on no prior experience.
B) The unconscious mind finds patterns in situations and behaviors based upon very narrow experiences.
C) The unconscious mind finds patterns in situations and behaviors based upon a large range of experiences.
D) The conscious mind finds patterns in situations and behaviors based on prior research and best practices.

Question 73

Which of the following is characterized by complex and changing decision scenarios?

A) heuristics
B) programmed decisions
C) kind organizational problems
D) wicked organizational problems

Question 74

One factor in the sum of bounded rationality in decision making is the result of ______.

A) organizational factors
B) unlimited time to decide
C) rational thinking
D) unlimited alternatives

Question 75

The personality trait of ______ was found to be most related to creativity.

A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) neuroticism
D) openness to experience

Question 76

Creativity is a function of three intersecting components including ______.

A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) motivation
D) neuroticism

Question 77

Bounded rationality is also the result of the decision maker guessing about:

A) uncertain future information
B) certain future consequences
C) uncertain future consequences
D) certain future information

Question 78

Another term for hindsight bias is ______.

A) Hubris
B) I-knew-it-all-along effect
C) escalation of commitment
D) overconfidence

Question 79

Leaders are finding that they desire ______ creative problem solving in all aspects of the work followers perform.

A) outside the box
B) more
C) less
D) masterful

Question 80

Another term for overconfidence bias is ______.

A) escalation of commitment
B) hindsight bias
C) sunk cost fallacy
D) hubris