Deck 17: The Immune Response

Question 1

Which antigens elicit antibody formation without the involvement of T cells?

A)lipids present in the liver cell membrane
B)polysaccharides present inside lysosomes
C)polysaccharides present in bacterial cell walls
D)proteins present in bacterial cell walls
E)membrane-bound nucleotides

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When an antigen binds to the antibody in the membrane of a B cell,the B cell proliferates and forms a population of B lymphocytes that all make the same antibody.The population of B lymphocytes thus formed is called a(n)_________.

A)group
B)clone
C)identicon
D)proliferate
E)codon

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Some of the activated B cells differentiate into short-lived cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies.Such cells are called __________.

A)memory cells
B)activation cells
C)plasma cells
D)secretion cells
E)antibody-producing cells

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which cells are responsible for synthesizing and secreting antibodies?

A)T cells or lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)erythrocytes

Question 5

Which type of immunity is carried out by antibodies and mediated by B lymphocytes or B cells?

A)humorous immunity
B)cell-mediated immunity
C)lymphocytic immunity
D)humoral immunity
E)surface-mediated immunity

Question 6

The foreign substances that incite the body to make antibodies are called ________.

A)integrins
B)antigens
C)antibodies
D)thrombins
E)albumins

Question 7

What causes a differentiating B cell to become committed to producing only one species of antibody molecule?

A)protein rearrangements in the genome
B)RNA rearrangements in the genome
C)DNA rearrangements in the genome
D)DNA rearrangements in the mitochondria
E)spontaneous production of proteins in the Golgi complex

Question 8

Why is a second weapon system (specifically cell-mediated immunity)in addition to humoral immunity needed to defend the body against invading pathogens?

A)Humoral immunity is ineffective against antibodies.
B)Antibodies are not effective against pathogens that are present inside cells.
C)Antibodies are not effective against pathogens that are present outside cells.
D)If used too often,antibodies can attack red blood cells.
E)Antibodies are typically ineffective against bacteria,while they work well against viruses.

Question 9

Which cells of the immune system differentiate in the thymus gland?

A)T cells or lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)macrophages

Question 10

What is a leukocyte?

A)a red blood cell
B)a platelet
C)a white blood cell
D)a complement protein
E)an hepatocyte

Question 11

Which cells are responsible for mediating cell-mediated immunity?

A)T cells or lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)erythrocytes

Question 12

What immune system organ is located in the chest,is responsible for the differentiation of T cells and reaches its peak size during childhood?

A)the thyroid gland
B)the adrenal gland
C)the thymus gland
D)the lymph nodes
E)the liver

Question 13

When does the full repertoire of antibody-producing cells a person will ever have appear in the lymphoid tissue?

A)in the fertilized egg
B)before stimulation by any antigen
C)before stimulation by any antibody
D)after stimulation by all of the possible antibodies
E)after stimulation by any of the possible antigens

Question 14

What is the name of the type of cell that serves as the direct precursor cell for both B cells and T cells?

A)hematopelagic stem cells
B)the fertilized egg
C)the hematopoietic stem cell
D)the pluripotent hepatologic stem cell
E)the sperm cell

Question 15

From what do B cells arise?

A)T cells
B)a population of undifferentiated and indistinguishable progenitor cells
C)a population of differentiated and indistinguishable progenitor cells
D)a population of undifferentiated and indistinguishable descendent cells
E)platelets

Question 16

Which of the antigens below are typically able to activate B cells without the intercession of T cells?

A)very large bacterial lipids
B)very large viral lipids
C)bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
D)bacterial cell wall polypeptides
E)bacterial DNA

Question 17

_________ immune responses are mounted by the body immediately without requiring previous contact with the microbe;they are the first line of defense and are characterized by a lack of specificity.

A)Innate
B)Acquired
C)Adaptive
D)Intuitive
E)Inductive

Question 18

Why are so many different antibodies able to be made by the immune system?

A)because mistakes are made during translation
B)because mistakes are made during transcription
C)because mistakes are made during reverse transcription
D)because thousands of different DNA rearrangements are possible
E)because thousands of different mRNA alterations are possible

Question 19

Which of the following are globular,blood-borne proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)?

A)antigens
B)albumins
C)heparins
D)antibodies
E)thrombospondins

Question 20

What is usually required for B cell activation by an antigen?

A)other B cells
B)T cells
C)platelets
D)megakaryocytes
E)erythrocytes

Question 21

What is the physical sign that a person's immune system is involved in the proliferation of T cells in response to an infection?

A)The skin is reddened.
B)The lymph nodes in the region of the infection become enlarged.
C)The skin is bruised in the infected region.
D)The lymph nodes actually shrink because they are secreting so much material.
E)The temperature of the infected region decreases.

Question 22

Some of the activated B cells remain in lymphoid tissue and respond rapidly at a later date if the antigen reappears in the body.Such cells are called __________.

A)memory B cells
B)activation B cells
C)plasma cells
D)secretion cells
E)antibody-producing cells

Question 23

Which cells of the immune system produce IFN- $\gamma$ and protect the body against intracellular pathogens by activating macrophages to kill pathogens they might harbor?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)B cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 24

_________ screen body cells for aged,infected and,in some cases,malignant cells and,if such cells are detected,they are attacked and killed.

A)Helper T lymphocytes
B)Inhibitory T lymphocytes
C)Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)Regulatory T lymphocytes
E)B lymphocytes

Question 25

Who realized that a cowpox infection at an early age protected people against deadly smallpox infections? He had noticed that milkmaids were typically spared the ravages of smallpox.He turned this observation into vaccination by intentionally exposing a boy to cowpox to develop immunity and then later exposing the same boy to smallpox,which he survived.

A)Gregor Mendel
B)Bruce Jenner
C)Edward Jenner
D)Claude Bernard
E)Louis Pasteur

Question 26

Which cells of the immune system produce IL-4,which mobilizes mast cells,basophils and eosinophils to protect against extracellular pathogens,especially parasitic worms?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)T_H17 cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 27

How many species of T-cell receptors does each T cell have?

A)one
B)two
C)up to ten
D)an infinite number
E)four

Question 28

How is the material ingested by dendritic cells fragmented?

A)Fragmentation is random.
B)Enzymes in the cytoplasm of the dendritic cells fragment the antigens of the ingested material.
C)Enzymes in the nucleus of the dendritic cells fragment the antigens of the ingested material.
D)The lower pH of the cytoplasm fragments the antigenic foreign material.
E)The higher pH of the cytoplasm fragments the antigenic foreign material.

Question 29

_________ are pathogens that are capable of stimulating immunity while being genetically crippled so that they are unable to cause disease.

A)Crippled pathogens
B)Weakened pathogens
C)Attenuated pathogens
D)Dystrophied pathogens
E)Disadvantaged pathogens

Question 30

The modified,harmless version of the tetanus toxin that is used to immunize infants is called a(n)_______.

A)toxin
B)poison
C)toxoid
D)toxico
E)toxon

Question 31

What feature of cellular structure is found to be characteristically amplified in plasma cells,but not in their precursor cells?

A)nuclei
B)mitochondria
C)chloroplasts
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)lysosomes

Question 32

Which class of T cells is composed of primarily inhibitory cells that suppress the proliferation and activities of other types of immune cells that are capable of mounting an autoimmune response?

A)helper T lymphocytes
B)inhibitory T lymphocytes
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)regulatory T lymphocytes
E)deactivating T lymphocytes

Question 33

How can the migration patterns of different types of lymphocytes and phagocytes be controlled separately?

A)They all possess receptors for the same cytokines.
B)They all possess receptors for the same chemokines.
C)Different types of lymphocytes and phagocytes possess receptors for different chemokines.
D)The different types of lymphocytes and phagocytes produce different chemokines.
E)The different types of lymphocytes and phagocytes produce different cytokines.

Question 34

B cells are activated by ________ and T cells are activated by ______.

A)soluble,intact antigens;antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells
B)soluble,intact antigens;soluble,intact antigens
C)antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells;soluble,intact antigens
D)antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells;antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells
E)insoluble,intact antigens;antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells

Question 35

What subfamily of small cytokines acts primarily as chemoattractants that stimulate the migration of lymphocytes into inflamed tissue?

A)minicytokines
B)interleukins
C)chemokines
D)interferons
E)tumor necrosis factors

Question 36

Which of the following are proteolytic enzymes that enter perforin channels and activate caspases,which are proteolytic enzymes that initiate the apoptotic response?

A)granzymes
B)proteolysinase
C)proteases
D)lysozymes
E)protein kinase B

Question 37

What happens to plasma cells after the removal of the original antigenic stimulus?

A)They die off.
B)They may,in some cases,persist for the person's lifetime.
C)They revert to precursor cells.
D)They proliferate even more.
E)They dedifferentiate.

Question 38

Why is the second response to an antigen on a pathogen faster than the initial response?

A)The antibodies of the secondary response are more efficient.
B)The antibodies of the secondary response are less efficient.
C)After the initial exposure,memory cells are present and they respond more quickly upon a second exposure to the antigen.
D)After the primary exposure,the memory cells respond more slowly.
E)Pathogens are generally weaker with the second exposure.

Question 39

Where do dendritic cells go once they have processed antigens and what do they do when they get there?

A)They go to the lymph nodes,where they undergo apoptosis.
B)They go to the liver,where they undergo apoptosis.
C)They go to the lymph nodes,where they differentiate into mature antigen-processing cells.
D)They go to the liver,where they differentiate into mature antigen-processing cells.
E)They go to the liver,where they proliferate.

Question 40

What is found on the surface of T cells?

A)T cell receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
B)B cells receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
C)T cell antigens that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
D)B cell antigens that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
E)platelet receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen

Question 41

What cells are the primary target of HIV,the virus that causes AIDS?

A)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
B)helper T lymphocytes
C)B lymphocytes
D)macrophages
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 42

The variable portions of both heavy and light chains contain subregions that are especially variable from one antibody to another;these variable subregions account for the great diversity of antibody specificity.Such portions of both the light and heavy chains are called _________ regions.

A)hypovariable
B)hypervariable
C)hypoconstant
D)hyperconstant
E)extremovariable

Question 43

What fatal disease is characterized by severe autoimmunity in newborn infants and is caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes a transcription factor required for the differentiation of Tregcells?

A)IPEX
B)IBEX
C)multiple sclerosis
D)sudden infant death syndrome
E)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 44

Introduction of antibodies made against a particular invading organism into another organism by injection or some other similar method is called ____________.

A)active immunity
B)primary immunity
C)secondary immunity
D)passive immunity
E)tertiary immunity

Question 45

Which of the following plays an important role in allergic reactions by binding to mast cell surfaces and what does that binding trigger?

A)IgE heavy chains,the release of histamine
B)IgE heavy chains,the release of allergan
C)IgE light chains,the uptake of histamine
D)IgE light chains,the release of allergan
E)IgA heavy chains,the release of histamine

Question 46

In an intact immunoglobulin molecule,each light chain domain associates with a heavy chain domain;each domain is encoded by __________.

A)two exons
B)two introns
C)its own exon
D)its own intron
E)an intron and an exon

Question 47

The ability of maternal antibodies to get into the fetal circulation can lead to a life-threatening condition in which the fetal red blood cells are killed;this condition is known as ___________.

A)lupus erythematosus
B)erythroblastosis fetalis
C)aplastic anemia
D)sickle cell anemia
E)erythemia

Question 48

The DNA sequences involved in the formation of human $\kappa$ light chains are located on chromosome ____.

A)22
B)14
C)2
D)X
E)Y

Question 49

Which cells are characterized by their possession of CD4 and CD25 surface markers?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)B cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 50

Which antibodies are the predominant antibodies in secretions of the respiratory,digestive and urogenital tracts?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 51

What process is probably responsible for the origin of the three parts of the constant portion of the IgG heavy chain?

A)inversion of an ancestral gene coding for an Ig unit about 110 amino acids long
B)duplication of an ancestral gene coding for an Ig unit about 110 amino acids long
C)deletion of an ancestral gene coding for an Ig unit about 110 amino acids long
D)point mutation of an ancestral gene coding for an Ig unit about 110 amino acids long
E)nonsense mutation of an ancestral gene coding for an Ig unit about 110 amino acids long

Question 52

There are two types of IgG light chains.What are they?

A)alpha ( $\alpha$ )and beta ( $\beta$ )
B)alpha ( $\alpha$ )and omega ( $\Omega$ )
C)kappa ( $\kappa$ )and lambda ( $\lambda$ )
D)delta ( $\Delta$ )and gamma ( $\gamma$ )
E)kappa ( $\kappa$ )and delta ( $\Delta$ )

Question 53

Which antibodies are the predominant antibodies found in blood and lymph during a secondary response to most antigens?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 54

The heavy chains of which class of antibody bind specifically to macrophage and neutrophil surface receptors,inducing these phagocytes to ingest the particle to which the antibodies are bound?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 55

What determines the specificity of an antibody?

A)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the ends of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody
B)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the base of the Y-shaped antibody
C)the nucleic acids of the antigen-combining sites at the base of the Y-shaped antibody
D)the nucleic acids of the antigen-combining sites at the ends of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody
E)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the end of one arm of the Y-shaped antibody

Question 56

Which cells of the immune system produce an interleukin,which is thought to stimulate epithelial cells to recruit phagocytes and thereby prevent the entry of extracellular bacteria and fungi into the body?

A)TH1 cells
B)TH2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)TH17 cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 57

Which bonds are largely responsible for holding the chains of an immunoglobulin together?

A)H bonds
B)ionic bonds
C)van der Waals forces
D)disulfide bonds
E)hydrophobic interactions

Question 58

Which antibodies have no clear function?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 59

The heavy chains of which class of antibody bind and activate one of the complement system proteins,leading to the lysis of the bacterial cell to which the antibody molecules are bound?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 60

Which antibodies are the first to be secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation? They appear in the blood after a lag of a few days and have a relatively short half-life?

A)IgD
B)IgA
C)IgM
D)IgK
E)IgG

Question 61

In what way does the character of the antibodies made during a secondary response differ from those made during the primary response?

A)They are bigger.
B)They are smaller.
C)The antibodies of the secondary response have a much greater affinity for their antigen.
D)The antibodies of the secondary response have a much lower affinity for their antigen.
E)They are more stable.

Question 62

You are studying a weasel and find that its genome contains 7 J $\kappa$ and 55 V $\kappa$ genes.Assuming that any V sequence can join with any J sequence,how many different $\kappa$ chains can this organism make?

A)62
B)385
C)350
D)7
E)55

Question 63

Which of the following drugs is often used to help prevent rejection of a tissue transplant?

A)penicillin
B)cycloheximide
C)cyclosporin A
D)streptomycin
E)acetylsalicylic acid

Question 64

_________ occurs when a specific antibody changes the heavy chain that the cell makes without changing the antigen-combining site of the antibodies synthesized.

A)Class consistency
B)Somatic hypermutation
C)Class switching
D)Class hypermutation
E)Somatic switching

Question 65

What property does immunoglobulin gene rearrangement lend to immunoglobulin molecules?

A)stability
B)variability
C)efficiency
D)speed
E)fragility

Question 66

Heavy chain variable regions consist of which of the following combinations of segments?

A)V,D and J segments
B)V and J segments
C)D and J segments
D)V,M and J segments
E)V,D,M and J segments

Question 67

A complete $\kappa$ V gene is formed as a specific V $\kappa$ gene is joined to one of the J $\kappa$ segments with the intervening DNA excised;the process is catalyzed by a protein complex called ___________.

A)V(D)J polymerase
B)V(D)J recombinase
C)V(D)J joinase
D)V(D)J ligase
E)ligandase

Question 68

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to donate an organ successfully to another individual?

A)any member of the population
B)the recipient's sibling
C)a member of the same race as the recipient
D)the recipient's identical twin
E)the recipient's fraternal twin

Question 69

What is formed when a V coding segment is joined to a J coding segment during DNA rearrangement to form an antibody?

A)an exon that encodes the constant region of the polypeptide chain
B)an intron that encodes the constant region of the polypeptide chain
C)an exon that encodes the variable region of the polypeptide chain
D)an intron that encodes the variable region of the polypeptide chain
E)an exon that encodes the constant region of the deoxyribonucleotide chain

Question 70

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the V genes indicated that they are ________ than required to encode the V region of the $\kappa$ light chain.

A)shorter
B)longer
C)the same length as
D)more coiled
E)less coiled

Question 71

The nucleotides encoding the 13 amino acids at the C-terminal end of the V $\kappa$ region is called the ____.

A)Q segment
B)C segment
C)J segment
D)VJ segment
E)M segment

Question 72

What is the natural function of the MHC proteins?

A)to attack bacterial surface antigens
B)to destroy transplanted antigens
C)involvement in antigen presentation
D)involvement in antibody presentation
E)maintaining the stability of the plasma membrane

Question 73

The HLA-B*35 MHC allele ________.

A)is associated with rapid progression to full-blown AIDS
B)correlates with resistance to a certain type of malaria
C)correlates with resistance a hepatitis B infection
D)correlates with resistance to a certain type of influenza virus
E)extreme susceptibility to the Ebola virus

Question 74

Which of the following is a characteristic or component of an MHC class II molecule?

A)1 MHC-encoded polypeptide chain called the heavy chain
B)a non-MHC polypeptide associated non-covalently with another subunit
C) $\beta$ ₂-microglobulin
D)a heterodimer,with both subunits encoded by MHC alleles
E)a heterotrimer,with all three subunits encoded by MHC alleles

Question 75

How is class switching accomplished?

A)by mutation of the CH gene next to the VDJ gene that was formed previously by DNA rearrangement
B)by moving a different CH gene next to the VDJ gene that was formed previously by DNA rearrangement
C)by inversion of the CH gene next to the VDJ gene that was formed previously by DNA rearrangement
D)by duplicating the CH gene next to the VDJ gene that was formed previously by DNA rearrangement
E)by moving a different CH gene next to the VDJ gene that was formed previously by DNA mutation

Question 76

You are studying a weasel and find that its genome contains 7 J $\kappa$ and 55 V $\kappa$ genes.Other sources of variation like changes in the site at which a J sequence joins a V sequence and the ability of deoxynucleotidyl transferase to insert nucleotides at sites of strand breakage have been found to introduce an additional ten-fold increase in variability.Assuming that any V sequence can join with any J sequence,how many different $\kappa$ chains can this organism make?

A)620
B)385
C)3850
D)70
E)550

Question 77

What holds the small peptide fragments of an antigen at the surface of an APC?

A)phosphotyrosine motifs
B)MHC proteins
C)T-cell receptors
D)phosphatidylinositol
E)B-cell receptors

Question 78

A helper T cell that secretes ______ induces a switch in the adjacent B cell from IgM synthesis to one of the IgG classes.

A)IFN- $\alpha$
B)IFN- $\gamma$
C)IFN- $\beta$
D)interleukin-1
E)glucagons

Question 79

The human genome has been shown to code for 51 different functional VH segments,25 different DH segments and 6 JH segments for the heavy chain variable regions of antibodies.Assuming that any V segment can combine with any of the D and J segments,how many different heavy chains could be made?

A)7650
B)765
C)82
D)820
E)76,820

Question 80

The rearranged DNA elements encoding the V regions of antibodies are estimated to have a mutation rate 105 times greater than that of other genetic loci in same cell.This phenomenon is referred to as __________.

A)somatic hypermutation
B)somatic hypomutation
C)somatic hyperattenuation
D)enhanced mutability
E)mutational hyperannuity